Our solar system
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Our solar system
- 1. Our Solar System Dorian Janney After School Astronomy Clubs
- 2. The Sun solar flare sun spots solar wind
- 3. MERCURY Mercury, the planet nearest the Sun, is the smallest planet in our solar system. It is only slightly larger than the Earth's moon. The surface is covered with craters. This tiny planet does not have any rings or moons. evidence of craters
- 4. VENUS impact craters lava flows Venus is one of the brightest objects in our sky, so it is clearly visible to the naked eye. It can be tricky to spot because it is always near the Sun. It rises and sets with the Sun each day. Ancient civilizations believed Venus was actually two different objects, so they called the one that rose the Morning Star, and the one that set the Evening Star.
- 5. EARTH and MOON What similarities and differences do you notice between the Earth and the Moon? Why do they have such different surface features?
- 6. MARS Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in our solar system! Martian crater Mars is very bright, which makes it easy to spot in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of war because its reddish color reminded the people of blood. Although people have never landed on Mars, we have sent robotic explorers there.
- 7. ASTEROID BELT Most asteroids can be found in the Asteroid Belt, which is located between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are rocky and metallic objects that orbit the Sun, but are too small to be considered planets. They are known as minor planets. Asteroids range in size from Ceres, which has a diameter of about 1000 km, down to the size of pebbles.
- 8. JUPITER Here are a few of Jupiter’s moons Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun, is the largest planet in our solar system. Jupiter is so big that over 1,000 planets the size of Earth could fit into it. It has over 60 moons and 2 rings. Can life exist on Jupiter's moon, Europa? The “Great Red Spot” Is actually a huge Storm system!
- 9. SATURNSaturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is the second largest planet in our solar system. It is often called the ringed planet because many rings of dust and rocks surround it. Saturn also has over 31 moons. Some of Saturn’s rings Saturn with some of its moons Titan is a moon of Saturn that may have some Conditions necessary for life! The picture on the right shows an artist’s drawing of how Titan might have looked when the Cassini-Huygen’s probe dropped into its atmosphere in Dec., 2004.
- 10. URANUS Black rings Uranus is a very unusual planet because it sits on its side with north and south poles sticking out the sides. It rotates around this axis, making it look like a ball rolling around in a circle around the Sun. some of Uranus’s moons
- 11. NEPTUNE Tiny Dark Moon Neptune, usually the eighth planet from the Sun, is a very cold place. Occasionally, Pluto crosses Neptune’s orbit and becomes the eight planet. Its bluish color comes from its atmosphere of methane gas.
- 12. PLUTO Clearest view to date Of Pluto and Charon Pluto, before is the ninth planet from the Sun, it is the smallest planet in our solar system Some scientists believe that Pluto once was one of Neptune’s moons, and that it pulled out away from Neptune and made its own orbit.
- 13. COMETS Comet Halley in 1910 Comets are sometimes called dirty snowballs or "icy mudballs". They are a mixture of ices (both water and frozen gases) and dust that for some reason didn't get incorporated into planets when the solar system was formed. This makes them very interesting as samples of the early history of the solar system. Comets have elliptical orbits. When we see a comet, we are seeing the tail of the comet as comes close to the Sun.
- 14. Credits include • http://kids.nineplanets.org/title.htm • http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/ • http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/pluto.htm
Hinweis der Redaktion
- The Sun contains 99.85 percent of all matter in the solar system. The Sun is a star and it is composed of hydrogen and helium. Period of Rotation: 25.4 days at equator, up to 30 days at poles. Mass: 333,000 x that of Earth. Diameter: 870,000 miles (1.4 million kilometers). Temperature: 27 million °F (15 million °C) in core; 11,000°F (6,100°C) at surface. The Sun is only an average size, an average temperature. Looking at the galaxy that contains it and more than one hundred billion other stars, you’d never take notice of our sun, revolving around the center of the Milky Way, about halfway out on the inside edge of one of the galaxy’s spiral arms.
- Average distance from Sun 0.387 AU (57,909,175 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 58.65 Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 87.97 Mercury's orbit is so close to the Sun that it is difficult to see. This explains why some early astronomers didn’t see it. Viewed from Earth, Mercury is never far from the Sun in the sky. Because the Sun is so bright, Mercury can only be seen in twilight. Timocharis made the first recorded observation of Mercury in 265 BC Atmospheric components trace amounts of hydrogen and helium Surface materials are basaltic and anorthositic rocks and regolith
- Average distance from Sun 0.723 AU (108,208,930 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 243.02 (retrograde) Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 224.7 Atmospheric components 96% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 0.1% water vapor Surface materials- basaltic rock and altered materials Since Venus can be seen with the naked eye, no one really knows who discovered Venus. Venus’ beautiful color made it easy for ancient astronomers to find it in the night sky long before the invention of the telescope. Interesting Facts About Venus In the 1950's astronomers noticed that Venus rotates in the opposite direction of Earth. On Venus, the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. Hottest planet in our solar system. A canyon on Venus is four times as big and twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. Venus probably once had oceans, but they all boiled away into the atmosphere.
- Average distance from Sun 1 AU (149,597,890 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1 (23.93 hours) Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 365.26 Atmospheric components 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon Surface materials basaltic and granitic rock and altered materials
- Average distance from Sun 1.524 AU (227,936,640 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1.026 Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 686.98 Atmospheric components 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon Surface materials- basaltic rock and altered materials Discovery Since Mars is so bright and easy to see with the naked eye, we don't know who exactly discovered Mars. Ancient astronomers could see it long before the invention of telescopes. Missions to Mars Mariner 4, 6, 7, & 9 Viking I & II Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Mars Global Surveyor Mars Polar Lander Interesting Facts About Mars Mars has the tallest mountain (Olympus Mons) in the solar system, three times the size of Mt. Everest. Mars’s moons, which are shaped like potatoes, probably used to be asteroids.
- Asteroids are sometimes called Minor planets. They are small rocky bodies. They are made up of leftover material from our solar system. Largest asteroid 1 Ceres Total discovered to date Over 250,000 designations have been assigned by the Minor Planet Center; over 100,000 have been observed more than once. Total numbered asteroids to date.Over 30,000. Near-Earth asteroids Around 1.0 AU from earth, with perihelia less than or equal to 1.3 AU.
- average distance from Sun 5.203 AU (778,412,020 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.41 (9.8 Earth hours) Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 11.86 Discovery Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, and it is one of the brighter objects in the night sky. No one knows for sure who discovered Jupiter, but we know the ancient Greeks named it after the god, Zeus. Missions to Jupiter Pioneer 11 (USA) April 6, 1973 Pictures of Jupiter and its Great Red Spot Voyager 1 (USA) September 5, 1977 Photographs and information on Jupiter's many moons. Voyager 2 (USA) August 20, 1977 Found that Jupiter's Great Red Spot is really a complex storm. Found that Io, one of Jupiter's moons, has active volcanoes. Galileo (USA and Europe) October 18, 1989 Entered Jupiter's atmosphere. Interesting Facts About Jupiter Largest planet in our solar system Has the largest moon in our solar system Shortest day Largest storm (Great Red Spot) three times the size of Earth Pressure on Jupiter is so great it would crush a spaceship
- Average distance from Sun 9.537 AU (1,426,725,400 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.44 (10.2 Earth hours) Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 29.46 Discovery Saturn is clearly visible in the night sky. The ancient Greeks named the planet after the god of agriculture and time. It wasn't until 1655, however, that we knew Saturn had rings. Galileo saw them, but he didn't know what they were. Another astronomer, Christian Huygens, later discovered they were rings. Missions to Saturn: Pioneer 11 (USA) April 6, 1973 Took pictures of Saturn. Discovered new rings and moons. Voyager 1 (USA) September 5, 1977 Took pictures of Saturn's moons. Discovered how complex Saturn’s rings were. Voyager 2 (USA) August 20, 1977 Took pictures of Saturn's moons. Cassini (USA, European Space Agency, Italy) October 13, 1997 Experiments will help scientists understand Saturn's moons, rings, and atmosphere. Will send a probe into Titan's atmosphere. Interesting Facts About Saturn Has the most moons Has thousands of rings made of ice, dust, and rocks The farthest planet you can see without a telescope The planet would float if you put it in water Atmospheric components 97% hydrogen, 3% helium, .05% methane Rings Rings are 270,000 km in diameter, but only a few hundred meters thick. Particles are centimeters to decameters in size and are ice (some may be covered with ice); there are traces of silicate and carbon minerals. There are four main ring groups and three more faint, narrow ring groups separated by gaps called divisions.
- Average distance from Sun 19.19 AU (2,870,972,200 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.72 (17.9 Earth hours)(retrograde) Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 30,685 (84 Earth years) Atmospheric components 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, 2% methane (at depth) Rings Uranus has a system of narrow, faint rings. Ring particles are dark, and could consist of rocky or carbonaceous material. Discovery Astronomer William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781. Using a telescope, he spotted a dim object. He watched it for years and decided it had to be a planet given its orbit. Herschel also discovered two of Uranus’ moons in 1781. Voyager II spotted many of its other moons in 1986. In 1977, scientists saw Uranus blink several times. They later discovered that rings surrounding the planet caused the blinking. These rings are very dark and narrow, unlike Saturn's, which are bright and colorful. Voyager II sent back many pictures that clearly show these rings. Missions to Uranus Voyager 2 (USA) August 20, 1977 Took thousands of pictures of Uranus, its rings, and its moons. Interesting Facts About Uranus Herschel argued with other astronomers over the new planet's name. He wanted to name it after King George III of Great Britain. Other astronomers wanted him to name it after himself. Uranus was named after Ouranos, one of the first gods in Greek mythology. Uranus’ moons have names from Shakespearean plays. Since Uranus lies nearly on its side, its North Pole gets 42 years of daylight while the South Pole gets 42 years of darkness. Uranus’ rings might have formed from broken moons.
- average distance from Sun 30.07 AU (4,498,252,900 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.67 (19.1 hours) Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 60,190 (164.8 Earth years) Atmospheric components 74% hydrogen, 25% helium, 1% methane (at depth) Rings are narrow, and contain concentrations of particles called ring arcs. Discovery Neptune wasn't discovered the way all the other planets in our solar system were found. Astronomers didn't scan the sky with their powerful telescopes to find Neptune. They used math instead! After the discovery of Uranus, astronomers were having trouble figuring out Uranus’ orbit. They realized that there must be another planet farther out than Uranus because this unknown planet’s gravitational pull slightly changes Uranus' orbit. They were right! French astronomer Leverrier and English astronomer John Couch Adams made the mathematical calculations of where Neptune should be in 1843, and German astronomer Johann Galle found it in 1846. Missions to Neptune Voyager 2 (USA) August 20, 1977 Took thousands of pictures of Neptune, its rings, and its moons. Interesting Facts About Neptune Neptune was actually the farthest planet from the Sun from February 7, 1979 until February 11, 1999 (the order was Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto, and Neptune). Neptune will be the 8th farthest planet from the Sun until the 23rd century. Neptune’s Great Dark Spot is a huge storm the size of Earth.
- Average distance from Sun 39.48 AU (5,906,376,200 km) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 6.39 (retrograde) Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 247.92 Atmospheric components perhaps methane and nitrogen Surface materials perhaps methane ice Discovery: After the discovery of Neptune in 1846, scientists believed that there still might be a ninth planet, and they set out to find it. Finding Pluto was difficult. Pluto is very small, it is a long way from the Sun, and it is very dim in the sky. The planet moves very slowly, taking 248 years to complete its orbit around the Sun, so it took many years before Pluto’s motion could help identify it. An amateur American astronomer, Clyde Tombaugh, finally found Pluto in 1930. Missions to Pluto Pluto is the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft from Earth. The Pluto Express probe has been delayed. Interesting Facts About Pluto Pluto was not the farthest planet from the Sun from February 7, 1979 until February 11, 1999 (the order was Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto, and Neptune). Pluto will be the farthest planet from the Sun until the 23rd century. Pluto’s moon, Charon, is very close to Pluto and about the same size.
- Comets are icy planetesimals formed in the outer solar system. They are composed mainly ice and dust They have highly elliptical orbits which take them very close to the Sun and back out into deep space, often far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Their orbit duration can be from less than 200 years to more than several millions of years. Composition of comets: Nucleus- Main body of the comet: composed of dust particles trapped in a mixture of ices of water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. Typically only a few kilometers in diameter Coma- A halo of evaporated gas and dust which forms when the comet approaches the inner solar system. The coma grows larger as the comet gets closer to the sun.