2. Cell
The cell Latin cella, meaning "small room.
Basic structural, functional and biological unit
of all known living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can
replicate independently,
"building blocks of life“
There are two types of cells, eukaryotes,
which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes,
which do not.
5. Functions of Cells
A boundary that keeps the cellular contents
separate from the external environment but
allows for the transfer of some substances
into and out of the cell.
Replication of DNA
Synthesis of cellular components
The ability to obtain energy through
metabolic processes
6. Appendages are basically involved in
movement or adhesion
Flagella (singular flagellum) are
cellular appendages that consist of
three parts:
1. A filament that rotates for movement
2. A hook where the filament attaches
3. A basal body that anchors the hook
to the cell
The arrangement of the hook/basal
body articulation allows the hook with
its filament to rotate 360o
10. Non-locomotor
appendages
Pili are longer
and sparser
than fimbriae.
fimbriae are
involved in
adhesion and
pili (found only
in Gram -
bacteria) are
involved in
conjugation ( a
“mating”
process).
11. Cell envelopes differ between taxa
but they basically consist of three
layers:
The capsule or slime layer (outermost layer)
differs greatly in thickness, organization and
chemical composition depending on the
bacterial species.
Beneath the outer layer lies the cell wall.
The cell membrane is a thin flexible sheet
that surrounds the contents of the bacterial
cell. Its functions include: transport, energy
extraction, nutrient processing, and synthesis
14. The protoplasm or cytoplasm
o Dense gelatinous solution within the cell
membrane
o Primary site for the cell’s biochemical and
synthetic processes.
15. Nuclear region
chromatin body or
the bacterial
chromosome
Nucleoid or nuclear
region of the cell
that is associated
with the chromatin
body
16. Plasmids
Plasmids are tiny
circular extra
chromosomal strands of
DNA
Ribosomes are small
structures consisting of
RNA and proteins that
are involved in protein
synthesis
17. Inclusions or granules
Inclusions or granules
are areas where
nutrients are
concentrated
Endospores are
dormant structures
produced by some
species of Bacillus and
Clostridium.
19. FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic protista; differ from
bacteria and other prokaryotes.
1. Cell walls containing chitin (rigidity &
support) ,other polysaccharides
2. Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterols
3. Possess true nuclei with nuclear membrane
& paired chromosomes.
4. Divide asexually, sexually or by both
5. Unicellular or multicellular
20. • Simplest fungus :- Unicellular
budding yeast
• Hypha :- Elongation of apical cell
produces a tubular, thread like
structure called hypha
• Mycelium :- Tangled mass of
hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi
producing mycelia are called
molds or filamentous fungi.
• Hyphae may be septate or non-septate
23. CELL MEMBRANE
StructureComponents
Arrangement
Functions
Barrier
Transport (know diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion and active
transport)
Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self)
Reception (for protein hormones)
24.
25. Nucleus
Structure and
Function
– membrane similar
to cell membrane
(similar function)
– Nucleolus
(formation of
ribosomes)
– Chromosomes
(gene expression)
– Nucleoplasm
(matrix)
26. Ribosomes
Structure
– rRNA
– Proteins
Function
– Site of protein
formation
(translation)
Found in both
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes (different
structurally)
27. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure
membranous system
of tunnels and sacs
– Rough – with
ribosomes on
surface
– Smooth- no
ribosomes on
surface
Function
– Rough – protein
synthesis
– Smooth- lipid
synthesis
28. Golgi Apparatus
Structure also membranous, kind of
like a stack of pancakes
Function processing of lipids and
proteins
34. No
Features
1. Occurrence Prokaryotic
cells are the
characteristic
of bacteria
and blue
green algae
These are cells
are found in all,
animals and
plants, except
blue green
algae and
bacteria.
35. 2
.
Size
Mostly
1-10 μm
Mostly
10-100 μm
3
.
Multicellular
forms
Rare
Common, with
extensive
tissue
formation
36. 4. Cell wall
Present in most but not
in all cells. In Bacteria,
cell wall is made up
murein,polysaccharides,
lipid and proteins.
The animal
cells lack
cell wall,
but plants
cell wall is
made up of
cellulose
and
chitinous
cell wall is
present in
fungi.
38. 7.
Nuclear
Membranes
Absent
Present
8. Chromatin with
histone
Absent Present
9. Number of
chromosomes
Each cell
Has only
one
chromosome
Number of
chromosomes
per cell
depends
upon the
type of
organism.
39. 10 Chromosome
The Chromose
is circular ring
lacking a
centromere.
Each chromosome
is linear having
a centromere
11
.
Genetic material Circular or
linear, double
stranded
DNA: only
exons are
present
Linear double
stranded DNA:
genes frequently
interrupted by
intron sequences,
especially in
higher
eukaryotes
(called as split
genes).
40. 12
Nucleoli and
Mitotic apparatus
Absent
Present
13. Nucleolus Absent Present (for
the synthesis
and
organization
of ribosomes)
41. 14. Plasmid Commonly
present
Rare
15 Mesosomes Mesosomes
perform the
function of Golgi
bodies and
mitochondria,
and also help in
the separation
of chromosomes
during cell
division.
Absent
43. Lysosomes Absent Present
Chloroplast Absent Present
Centrioles Absent Present
Ribosomes Only 70S type of
ribosomes are
present which lie
free in cytoplasm,
or are engaged in
protein synthesis.
The cytoplasm
has 80S type of
ribosomes; and
plastid and
mitochondria
have 70 S
44. Microtubules Absent Present
Flagellae
Simple structure
Composed of the
protein Flagellin.
Complex
9+2
Structure
of tubulin
and other
protein.
45. Respiration
Many strict
anaerobes
All aerobic,
but some
facultative
BAyn aerobes
secondary
.modifications
17
18
Photosynthetic
Enzymes
Bound to
plasma
membrane as
composite
chromatophore
Enzymes
packed
in plastids
bound
by
membrane
46. 19
Metabolic
Patterns
Great Variations
All share cytochrome
electron transport
chains, Krebs cycle
oxidation, glycolysis.
20
Sexual
System
Rare: If present one
way (and usually
forming partial
diploids or
merozygotes)
Both sexes
involved in sexual
participation and
entire genomes
transferred
47. 21
Cyclosis
There are no
streaming
movements
of cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
shows
streaming
movements
22
Protein
Synthesis
Transcription
and translation
take place in
cytoplasm.
Transcription
occurs in
nucleus
and translation
takes place in
cytoplasm.
23
Duration
of cell
cycle
Cell cycle is short,
takes 20-60
minutes
to complete.
Cell cycle is
long, takes
12-24 hours to
complete.
48. CONCLUSION
Cell are basic unit of organization or structure of
all living matter
There are two types of cell,that are prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell
There are are so many difference in between
them include occurance,size,cell wall, nucleus
,nuclear membrane, cell organelles respiration,
sexual system ,protein synthesis.
49. REFERENCE
Prescott LM Harley JP and Klein DA-Microbiology
John Webster-Introduction to fungi
Voet and voet
Tortora-Microbiology an introduction
Pelczar Jr.MJ Chan,Ecs and Kreig-
Microbiology
Lehninger’s principle of biochemistry
