Managing and Conserving Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (Hanchard) [IWC4 Presentation]
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Presentation during the focused learning discussion on Marine Fisheries at the 4th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference. Barbara Hanchard Project Coordinator Pacific Islands Oceanic Fisheries Management Project www.ffa.int
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Managing and Conserving Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (Hanchard) [IWC4 Presentation]
- 1. The Global Environment Facility 4th Biennial International Waters Conference July 31 – August 3 2007, Cape Town, South Africa Managing and Conserving Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Focused Learning Discussion: Sustaining Marine Fisheries & Conserving Marine Resources Pacific Islands Oceanic Fisheries Management Project (http:www.ffa.int) Barbara Hanchard Project Coordinator
- 2. Western & Central Pacific Ocean Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Niue Papua New Guinea Palau Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
- 3. Fisheries Management Issues Fishing capacity increasing steadily since 1970s Early warning signs of pressure on the stock major species (bigeye and yellowfin) The establishment of measures to ensure the sustainability of the Pacific tuna stocks are gaining urgency Essential to have effective management to avoid over-capacity and over-fishing Various layers of fisheries management measures already in place or being developed Challenge to devise practical and politically acceptable fisheries management measures Central issue is interests and aspirations of Pacific island coastal States, most notably - economic importance to the development of Pacific SIDS Pacific SIDS will always take a leading role but face resource challenges to ensure they participate effectively in the developing comprehensive regional management arrangements
- 4. International Assistance to Pacific SIDS GEF supported comprehensive analysis of transboundary marine issues in the Pacific 1997 Pacific International Waters Strategic Action Programme (SAP) - Integrated Coastal and Watershed Management - Oceanic Fisheries Management (Phase I) Unsustainable exploitation of living and non-living marine resources Address the weaknesses in governance and understanding of the resources and their dynamics Pacific SIDS participation in the development of new regional fisheries management arrangement Oceanic Fisheries Management Project Phase II late 2005 5 years - US$11 million Assist Pacific SIDS improve their understanding of transboundary oceanic fisheries resources and strengthen their national arrangements for the conservation and management of the Pacific highly migratory fish stocks
- 5. The Western & Central Pacific Fishery Commission (WCPFC) WCPF Convention in force June 2004 First meeting Dec 2004 (est. Rules of Procedures & work budget & programme that enabled decisions on conservation and management measures at 2nd meeting in Dec 2005) Advised by the Scientific Committee (proposed number of Working Groups, including a proposed Ecosystem and By- catch Working Group) and the Technical and Compliance Committee Membership is disparate - world’s most powerful states with large established fleets operating in the region, and some of its smallest, for whom the resources involved represent their major economic development opportunity.
- 6. Fisheries Management Developments Conservation and management measures and resolutions adopted since December 2004 - 5 resolutions and 15 conservation and management measures (regulate matters relating directly to fishing impacts on species, to compliance issues on systems and fishing vessel standards. Concerns for the current stock status of bigeye and yellowfin tunas in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean are such that conservation and management decisions maintain current fishing levels while looking for ways in which to reduce fishing mortality in order to maintain the bigeye and yellowfin stocks at sustainable levels Decisions that support ecosystems approaches to fisheries management in mitigating the impact of fishing on seabirds, precautionary measures for the declining stock abundance of swordfish and striped marlin in the southwest Pacific and the collection of data on sharks. In terms of compliance issues the Parties to the Convention also agreed on the establishment of a Commission vessel monitoring system, a regional observer programme, procedures for boarding and inspection and a list of vessels that have presumed to have carried out IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean.
- 7. Challenges for Pacific SIDS and the PI OFM Project A large number of these measures have been as a result of very proactive intervention by Pacific SIDS collectively. The performance of Pacific SIDS as members of the WCPF Commission is commendable but it remains to be seen if their application and energy is sustainable in the long term. They also are faced with a wide range of responsibilities as a result of WCPF Commission decisions which they must implement by upgrading and realigning their national oceanic fisheries management regimes. Benefits – Conserving and defining rights Challenges: Ambiguities and conflicts over issues Intent of stronger parties to assert control over tuna resources Obligations and implications for national fisheries management
- 8. Pacific Islands Oceanic Fisheries Management Project http://www.ffa.int
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Pacific SIDs collectively - ~20 million km2 EEZ - half million km2 land area Populations range from 1500 (Niue) to 5.5 million (PNG) Western Tropical Pacific Warm Pool Large Marine Ecosystem Western and Central Pacific Oceanic Fishery World’s largest stock tuna fishery ~ 2 million tonnes half the world’s tuna catch worth an estimated US$2.billion Four key tuna stocks - skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye and South Pacific albacore Key tuna stocks in good condition (bigeye and yellowfin ?) 3 major fishing gears - purse seine, longline and pole-and-line operated by several fishing nations A variety of non-target species (by-catch) Tuna’s migratory nature is a complicating factor - each stock may migrate through numerous national jurisdictions and areas of high seas
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- Six major aspects of the global, regional and national concerns about unsustainability in fisheries for transboundary oceanic fish stocks are discussed - some of them are inter-related : the impact on target transboundary oceanic fish stocks; the impact on non-target fish stocks; the impact on other species of interest (such as marine mammals, seabirds and turtles); the impact of fishing around seamounts; the impact on foodwebs; and the impact on biodiversity. RATIONALE FOR GEF SUPPORT The global concerns addressed by the GEF in activities in the focal area include: “Excessive exploitation of living and nonliving resources due to inadequate management and control measures (for example, overfishing…)”[1]; and the overall strategic thrust of GEF-funded IW activities is: “to meet the agreed incremental costs of (a) assisting groups of countries to better understand the environmental concerns of their International Waters and work collaboratively to address them; (b) building the capacity of existing institutions (or, if appropriate, developing the capacity through new institutional arrangements) to utilise a more comprehensive approach for addressing transboundary water-related environmental concerns; and (c) implementing measures that address the priority transboundary environmental concerns.”[2] Within the GEF IW focal area: sustainable management of regional fish stocks is identified as one of the major environmental issues that SIDS have in common and a target for activities under the SIDS component of OP 9, the Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area Operational Program; and the adoption of an ecosystem-based approach to addressing environmental problems in Large Marine Ecosystems is promoted through activities under the Large Marine Ecosystem Component of OP 8, the Waterbody-Based Operational Program. Consistent with this framework, GEF financing for the South Pacific SAP Project has been supporting the implementation of an IW Pacific Islands SAP, including a pilot phase of support for the OFM Component, which underpinned successful efforts to conclude and bring into force the WCPF Convention. [1] Ch. 4. Operational Strategy of the GEF. [2] as for 21 above.
- The WCPF Convention Functions & structure follow closely UN Fish Stock Agreement “It seeks to conserve and manage highly migratory fish stocks in the Convention Area by adopting measures to ensure long-term sustainability of highly migratory fish stocks and promote their optimum utilization based on the best scientific evidence available……. maintain or restore stocks at sustainable levels qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, including the special requirements of developing States” The mandate as set out in the Convention is ambitious and its implementation will set a number of globally important precedents.
- The WCPF Commission is setting global standards. No other tuna RFMO has in place VMS and boarding and inspection schemes. Therein the WCPFC has the first application of the boarding and inspection scheme set out UNFSA. Only one other organisation has a regional observer programme And the development of a catch documentation scheme is being addressed.