Mohammad Rahimi, IPCC Author

1. Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Do We Still Have Time- Outreach
Event on IPCC Work and Findings, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
16-17 April 2019
The Climate Change and Land - findings from the
fifth assessment report and updates on the
special report on Climate Change and Land
Dr. Mohammad Rahimi
Semnan University, Iran
IPCC LA(SREX,SRCCL,AR6/WGI)

2. Emission
inventories
The Physical
Science Basis
The Synthesis
Report
Climate Change
Impacts,
Adaptation and
Vulnerability
Mitigation
of
Climate Change
April 2021 April 2022October 2021
July 2021
Global
warming of
1.5 o
C
Oct. 2018 Sept. 2019
Aug. 2019
Land
Oceans
and cryosphere
IPCC Sixth Assessment (AR6)
Cities and Climate Change Science ConferenceMarch 2018
May 2018 Expert Meeting on Short Lived Climate Forcers
May 2018 Expert Meeting on Assessing Climate Information for
Regions
Talanoa
dialogue
UNFCCC
Global
stocktake
2023
UNFCCC
Some overarching preliminary aspects for the Synthesis Report
• Global Stocktake
• Interaction among emissions, climate, risks and development pathways
• Economic and social costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation in the context
of development pathways
• Adaptation and mitigation actions in the context of sustainable development
• Finance and means of support
May 2019
* Dates are subject to change

3. • Enhance participation of developing country experts
• Deepen engagement between Working Groups
• Strengthen links between high-level scenarios and the concrete steps required to
mitigate climate change
• Increase policy relevance and neutrality by incorporating inputs from business,
industry, finance and other stakeholders
• Enhance the relevance for policymakers charged with following through decisions
made under the Framework Convention
• Solutions focus: connect to the SDGs and to domestic challenges including job
creation, health, innovation and technology development, energy access and
poverty alleviation
Some priorities of the IPCC Bureau for the
Sixth Assessment Cycle

4. Special Report on Climate Change and Land
(SRCCL) Outline
Chapter 1: Framing and Context
Chapter 2: Land–Climate interactions
Chapter 3: Desertification
Chapter 4: Land Degradation
Chapter 5: Food Security
Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security
and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options
Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable
development

5. History
2015 - 41st Session of the IPCC (Nairobi, Kenya): The Panel asked
IPCC Secretariat to invite Member States and Observer
Organizations to submit views on potential themes for Special
Reports during the AR6 cycle.
– July 2015: IPCC issued call for topics
– Topics analysed by Co-Chairs and clustered by theme
2016 - 43rd Session of the IPCC (Nairobi, Kenya): Co-Chairs presented
proposed Special Report themes to the Panel for discussion.
– 9 clusters on different themes including land, oceans, cities
– 2nd biggest cluster: 7 proposals relating to land

6. History
2016 - Decision adopted by the Panel at 43rd session of the IPCC:
To prepare a Special Report on climate change, desertification, land
degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and
greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. The scoping process
may consider challenges and opportunities for both adaptation and
mitigation.
Photo by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth

7. Scoping the content of the Special Report
To inform the Scoping Meeting on this Special Report, a questionnaire
was sent to IPCC Focal Points and Observer Organizations to consult on:
–Highest priority questions, in the context of climate change, that the
report should address
–Gaps in previous IPCC assessments
–Policy relevance of this Special Report for different regions

8. The issues in-depth
The Scientific Steering Committee also held in-depth web conferences
with:
• UN Convention on Combatting Desertification (UNCCD)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services (IPBES)

9. Priority areas identified in the questionnaire included:
–Drivers of desertification, land degradation, changes in GHG
fluxes and food security and their relation to climate change
–How land based mitigation and adaptation measures can
contribute to food security and resilience.
–The feedback between sustainable land management choices and
impacts on desertification, land degradation, food security, and
GHG fluxes
–The current state of land degradation, desertification, and food
insecurity
–Innovation and technology deployment
–Local and regional impacts
Scoping the content of the Special Report

10. Scoping meeting in Dublin, Ireland (2017)
Nominations for 458 experts were received.
Final participant list included 69 nominated experts and 31 Bureau
Members, covering 46 nationalities.
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Central America
The Caribbean
South
America
SW Pacific

11. • Structured bottom-up process: no draft outline to start the meeting
Scoping meeting in Dublin, Ireland (2017)

12. • Structured bottom-up process: no draft outline to start the meeting
Day 1 to 3 - Themes identified:
• Climate change impacts and
response options in relation to
SDGs
• Adaptation/mitigation interactions
(synergies, trade-offs, co-benefits,
side-effects)
• Competition for land, including
negative emissions
• Coupled system dynamics:
processes, scales
• Emergent risks (e.g. security,
migration, …)
• Governance, management,
decision-making
• Water and soils
Scoping meeting in Dublin, Ireland (2017)

13. • Outline emerged over the course of the week through interactive series of
discussions
Days 4 and 5:
Refine the topics and themes into a report
outline with chapter headings
Bullets under each heading to provide
meaningful guidance to authors
Recommended maximum length of the
Special Report (300 pages)
Title agreed:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special
report on climate change, desertification, land
degradation, sustainable land management,
food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in
terrestrial ecosystems
Scoping meeting in Dublin, Ireland (2017)

14. Selecting authors for the Special Report
Nominations were sought for Authors and Review Editors for each
Chapter.
640 nominations were received.
IPCC Working Group Bureaux and the Co-Chairs of the Task Force on
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories carried out the selection, taking
into account:
• Expertise
• Geographic representation
• Gender balance
• Prior IPCC experience.

15. Selecting authors for the Special Report

16. Timeline

17. Sustainable development goals(SDG’s)
17

18. Special Report Outline
Agreed at 45th session of the IPCC in Guadalajara, Mexico (March 2017)
Summary for Policy Makers
Technical Summary
Chapter 1: Framing and Context
Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions
Chapter 3: Desertification
Chapter 4: Land Degradation
Chapter 5: Food Security
Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land
degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-
offs and Integrated Response Options
Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable
development
Boxes, Case Studies and FAQs

19. Previous IPCC reports
Previous IPCC reports have made reference to
land and its role in the climate system. Threats
to agriculture and forestry, but also the role of
land and forest management as a contributor to
climate change have been documented since
the IPCC Second Assessment Report with
increasing focus, and especially so in the
Special report on land use, land-use change and
forestry

20. UNCCD reports
The UNCCD report (2014) discusses land
degradation from the prism of
desertification. It devotes due attention to
analyses on how land management can
contribute to reversing the negative
impacts of desertification and land
degradation.

21. In FAO report
In the FAO reports, land degradation is
discussed in relation to ecosystem goods
and services, and land degradation is
analysed principally from a food security
perspective.

22. Previous IPBES report
The IPBES assessment (2018) combines
biodiversity drivers, land degradation and
desertification, focussing on poverty as a limiting
factor, drawing attention to a world in peril in
which resource scarcity conspires with
biophysical and social vulnerability drivers to
derail the attainment of sustainable development
goals. The SRCCL complements these previous
assessment reports, while keeping the IPCC-
specific “climate lens”.

23. • Socio-economic, biogeochemical, and biophysical interactions between climate change
and desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes
• Additional and alternative demands for, and use of, land in the context of climate
change, as well as socioeconomic and technological changes.
• The contribution of this report in relation to reports by IPCC and other relevant
institutions (for instance IPBES, UNCCD, FAO, etc.)
• Key concepts and definitions including vulnerability assessments, adaptation limits, and
residual risks
• Treatment of uncertainties
• Integrated storyline of report, chapter narrative, sequence, linkages
Chapter 1: Framing and Context

24. • Climate change and variability, including extremes, that influence desertification, land
degradation, food security, sustainable land management and GHG fluxes in terrestrial
ecosystems
• Terrestrial GHG fluxes in natural and managed ecosystems (e.g. soils, forests and other
land cover types) and related stocks: methods, status, trends, projections, and drivers
• Biophysical and non-GHG feedbacks and forcings on climate
• Consequences for the climate system of land-based adaptation and mitigation options,
including negative emissions
Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions

25. • The specific nature of desertification
• Status, current trends and future projections of desertification linked to climate
change, globally and regionally
• Climatic and anthropogenic direct and indirect drivers of desertification including
extremes such as drought
• Attribution: distinguishing between climatic- and human-induced changes
• Desertification feedbacks to climate, including sand and dust storm
• Climate-desertification interactions, including past observations and future
projections
• Observed and projected impacts of desertification on natural and human systems in a
changing climate. This could include the role of aerosols and dust, impacts on
ecosystem services and impacts on socio-ecological systems
• Technological, socio-economic and policy responses to desertification under a
changing climate including economic diversification, enabling conditions, co-benefits as
well as limits to adaptation
• Hotspots and case-studies
Chapter 3: Desertification

26. • Processes that lead to degradation and their biophysical, socio-economic, and cultural
drivers across multiple temporal and spatial scales
• Linkages and feedbacks between land degradation and climate change, including
extremes (e.g. floods and droughts), erosion, and their effects on ecosystems and
livelihoods
• Status, current trends and future projections of land degradation linked to climate change,
globally and regionally
• Attribution: distinguishing between climatic- and human-induced changes
• Direct and indirect impacts of Climate Change on Land Degradation, Land Degradation on
Climate Change, and reactive and proactive response options, such as land restoration,
for key socio-ecological systems
• Observed and projected impacts of land degradation on natural and human systems in a
changing climate. This could include impacts on ecosystem services and impacts on
socio-ecological systems
• Integrated higher-level responses, e.g. sustainable land management (where possible
related to the SDGs), including considerations of cost, incentives and barriers and limits to
adaptation
• Hotspots and case-studies
Chapter 4: Land degradation

27. • Framing and Context: food and nutrition security (availability, access, utilization, stability,
affordability), food systems (including trade and markets), farming systems including
agroforestry, food-energy-water nexus, and the role of desertification and land
degradation.
• Status, current trends and future projections of food and nutrition security linked to climate
change, globally and regionally
• Attribution: distinguishing between climatic- and human-induced changes
• Observed and projected impacts of climate change and variability, including extremes, on
food and nutrition security, including food production, prices and livelihoods
• Impacts of food and nutrition security on climate change
• Responses in terms of adaptation considering the full range of options and their use, as
well as limits to adaptation
• GHG mitigation options associated with food supply and demand
• The influence of land based mitigation options on food and nutritional security
• Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation (considering scales, linkages,
and co-benefits), sustainable land management
• Consequences of measures to enhance food and nutrition security for adaptation and
mitigation in a changing climate
• Hotspots and case-studies
Chapter 5: Food Security

28. • Combined and interactive effects between desertification, land degradation, food security
and GHG fluxes, and scenarios
• Economic and social dimensions of response options including sustainable land
management: synergies/trade-offs/side-effects/co-benefits
• Impacts of land-based mitigation options on land degradation, desertification, food
security, and ecosystems and their services (e.g. soil, fresh water, biodiversity)
• Impacts of land-based adaptation options on land degradation, desertification, food
security, ecosystems and their services and limits to adaptation
• Land-based negative emissions (including the role of forests, soils and the use of
biomass) and their role in balancing anthropogenic sources and sinks
• Adaptation-mitigation interactions and co-benefits
• Competition for land
• Case-studies
Chapter 6: Interlinkages between desertification, land
degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies,
trade-offs and integrated response options

29. • Risks arising from interaction of climate change with desertification, land degradation,
food security and other development pressures (.e.g. conflicts, migration)
• Management responses to areas of substantive risk arising from climate change
• Synergies and trade-offs of response options that affect sustainable development and
climate change adaptation and mitigation
• Governance, institutions and decision-making across multiple scales that advance
adaptation, mitigation and sustainable land management in the context of desertification,
land degradation and food security
Chapter 7: Risk management and decision making
in relation to sustainable development

30. Sustainable development
SDG1,SDG2,SDG7,SDG8
SRCCL
Chapter1
Climate
Land
Desertification
Chapter 3
Land
degradation
Chapter 4
Food Secu
Chapte
Inter linkages
Chapter6
Risk
management
Climate and
land Interaction
Chapter 2
Synergies and trade-offs

31. Planetary Boundary
GHG Fluxes

32. What is new in SRCCL
Compared to these previous IPCC reports, the
SRCCL offers a more integrated analysis as it
embraces multiple direct and indirect drivers of
natural resource management (related to food,
water and energy securities) which have not
received sufficient analysis previously (e.g., in the
AR5).

33. What is new in SRCCL
The SRCCL also looks at land degradation from
a human food security perspective and refers to
the strong correlations between land degradation
and poverty.

34. What is new in SRCCL
It looks at incentives related to market,
institutions that can trigger positive impacts
between climate change, food access and
biophysical drivers.

35. What is new in SRCCL
As the SRCCL is cross-policy it provides the
opportunity to address a number of challenges in
an integrative way at the same time, and it
progresses beyond other IPCC reports in having
a much more comprehensive perspective on
land.

36. Asia Sub regions

37. Climate Hazards in
AR6
Heat wave
Drought
Warming trend
Mean wind decrease
Severe storms
Radiation decrease at surface
Dry trend
Cold spell
Wet trend
Frost
Dust and sandstorm
Wildfire
River flood
Pluvial flood
Lake and sea ice reduction
Ocean and lake acidification
Permafrost thawing
Landslides
Snow reduction
Heavy snow
Ice storm
Snow avalanche
solar radiation changes –this is a big concern in India
Air pollution
Hail storms
Atmospheric CO2 decrease
CO2 benefits across Asia (relevant for agriculture and
ecosystems) and ocean acidification for coastal areas
Sea level rise
Coastal flood
Coastal erosion

38. Contributing author from Mongolia
for preparing SOD of Chapter 12
38

39. Chapter 12: Chapter outline
12.1. Framing
12.2. Methodological approach
12.3. Climate hazard metrics by sector
12.3.1 Long-duration climate hazards [ > decade]
12.3.2 medium duration climate hazards [ Months to decades]
12.3.3 Short duration climate hazards [<months]
12.4 Regional information on changing climate hazards
12.4.1 Africa
12.4.2 Asia
12.4.3 Australasia
12.4.4 Central and South America
12.4.5 Europe
12.4.6 North America
12.4.7 Small Islands
12.4.8 Oceans
12.4.9 Specific zones of impacts and risk [as defined in WGII]
12.5. Global perspective on climate hazards
12.5.1 Global synthesis of regional climate hazards
12.5.2 Climate hazards at different levels of changing global signals
12.6. Climate hazard information in climate services
12.6.1 Context of climate services
12.6.2 Assessment of the practice and products related to hazard information in climate
12.6.3 Region-specific methodologies in generating hazard information in climate
12.7. Uncertainties, knowledge gaps, and research needs
Cross-Chapter box on climate services (+Ch1, Ch10, Atlas)
FAQs

40. Thank you
40