CLIMATIC - efficient advanced pollution control system, GIFA Foundry Fair 2015

- 1 -
Technical-Forum – 19.6.2015
Climatic – A new and efficient approach for pollution
Control of BETX, Amines, and Tetraethyl Silicate at
foundries
Dr. Thomas Rosenoern, CSO at Infuser ApS and associate professor at University
of Copenhagen
Co-authors: Nicolai Bork, Infuser ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark, Michael Gallus,
Infuser Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, Carl Meusinger, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Kristoffer Nannerup, Infuser ApS,
Copenhagen, Denmark, Thomas Rosenørn, Infuser ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark,
Florian Hartung, Infuser Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, Peter Wiesen,
Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany, Matthew S. Johnson,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

- 2 -
Topic of the day – Exhaust air from foundries
•  Volatile pollutants (e.g. carciogenic benzene) are found in exhaust air; they are
subject to strict emission laws
•  Current technologies (e.g. charcoal filters) are cost intensive
•  The exhaust air contains a complex mixture of gaseous pollutants and particles.
•  The composition and load vary strongly with time
Example:
Volume: 3x 50.000 m3/h
Odor: 1.800 (500) OU/m3
Total Carbon: 200 (50) mg/m3
Benzene: 15 (5) mg/m3

- 3 -
Air pollution
Air pollution in India has become so severe that yields of crops are being cut by
almost half. Researchers analyzed yields for wheat and rice alongside pollution data,
and concluded significant decreases in yield could be attributed to two air pollutants,
black carbon and ground level ozone. Black carbon is mostly caused by rural cook
stoves, and ozone forms as a result of motor vehicle exhaust, industrial
emissions, and chemical solvents reacting in the atmosphere in the presence of
sunlight.
Recent climate and air pollution impacts on Indian agriculture, PNAS, November 2014

- 4 -
Air pollution
Air pollution in India has become so severe that yields of crops are being cut by
almost half. Researchers analyzed yields for wheat and rice alongside pollution data,
and concluded significant decreases in yield could be attributed to two air pollutants,
black carbon and ground level ozone. Black carbon is mostly caused by rural cook
stoves, and ozone forms as a result of motor vehicle exhaust, industrial
emissions, and chemical solvents reacting in the atmosphere in the presence of
sunlight.
Recent climate and air pollution impacts on Indian agriculture, PNAS, November 2014
Air Pollution (AAP) causes 8 million deaths
annually [World Health Organization, 2014], more
people than smoking, road deaths and diabetes
combined

- 5 -
Formation and removal of hydrocarbon pollution

- 6 -
hydrocarbons

- 7 -
hydrocarbons
ozone
Sunlight
ozone

- 8 -
hydrocarbons
ozone
Sunlight
ozone
“Detergent of the atmosphere”
Does not react with N2 or O2, but has
relatively high reaction rates towards
most other substances

- 9 -
hydrocarbons
ozone
Sunlight
Radical reaction
ozone

- 10 -
hydrocarbons
ozone
oxidized
hydrocarbons
Sunlight
Wet and dry deposition
Radical reaction
ozone

- 11 -
(Photo-)Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
A (photo-)oxidation step typically proceeds down one of three pathways:
1.  Oxidation can lead to products of lower volatility with higher water solubility.
(functionalization)
2.  Oxidation may also lead to fragmentation which results in the production of
mono-hydrocarbons and H2O (higher or lower vapor pressure, higher or
lower water solubility)
3.  Reaction products interact to create larger molecules (oligomirization) (lower
vapor pressure, lower solubility)
ame-
The x
10 of
axis
prox-
sec-
s the
inene
Com-
COA
con-
1 to
con-
with
e gas
ctors
to 3
ce as
areas,
g less
oxi-
. We
xida-
ursors
y,but
xida-
terial
pre-
rown
mple.
he a-
ction,
edis-
o the
terial
O:C
mean
d by the blue star). Typical effects of adding (=O) and (–OH)
C10 backbone are shown with red dashed lines, and a
Evolution of condensed-phase O:C versus approximate OH exposure for
simulated aging (similar to Fig. 2C). The blue and yellow stars for organic
REPORTS
onMarch23,2010www.sciencemag.orgrom

- 12 -
(Photo-)Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
A (photo-)oxidation step typically proceeds down one of three pathways:
1.  VOC oxidation leads to products of lower volatility with higher water solubility.
(functionalization)
2.  Oxidation may also lead to fragmentation which results in the production of
mono-hydrocarbons and H2O (higher or lower vapor pressure, higher or lower
water solubility)
3.  Reaction products interact to create larger molecules (oligomirization) (lower
vapor pressure, lower solubility)
Low vapor pressure High vapor pressure
Low solubility
High solubility

- 13 -
Example: α-pinene oxidation

- 14 -
Example: α-pinene oxidation

- 15 -
Performance goals for a novel emissions control
system
Treatment time < 30 s FAST and SMALL
Pressure drop < 600 Pa EFFICIENT
Specific Energy Input < 10 kJ/m3 EFFICIENT
Limited formation of byproducts SAFE
Over 90% removal of key pollution EFFECTIVE
...can we adapt atmospheric chemistry to the needs of emissions control?

- 16 -

- 17 -
Gas Phase Advanced Oxidation (GPAO) method
ical air purification technique on a pig farm to regulate the intense odour. Some of the
issues regarding implementation are discussed, such as chemical lifetimes, pollutant con-
centrations and running costs of the machine based on a similar setup installed at Jysk
miljørens and the kinetic model.
The new Photochemical Air Purification (PAP) technique uses enhanced tropospheric
chemistry to oxidise volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulphur compounds and hydro-
carbons in order to reduce smell and pollution emission[1].
Figure 1.1: The photochemical air purification system.
The basic outline of the PAP can be divided into 6 sections. The polluted air is first
treated with a scrubber to remove ammonia and soluble VOCs. Then it is mixed with
!
Production of OH-radicals (“detergent of the atmosphere”)
O3 + UV light à O2 + O
O + H2O à 2 OH*

- 18 -
3 stage testing towards foundry applications
1.  Laboratory test
2.  Initial foundry field test – low volume unit (BTEX)
3.  Second foundry field tests – medium volume unit (amines and
tetraethyl silicate)

- 19 -
Laboratory test - 1

- 20 -
Laboratory test - 2
•  Cleaning of typical pollutants in the laboratory (SEI ≈ 3 kJ/m3).
•  Longer residence times yields higher removal rates.
•  Why are the removal rates different at low residence times? Different reaction
rate constants with respect to OH radical.

- 21 -
Laboratory test - 3
•  Particle concentrations in GPAO (before ESP) at different flow velocities/residence
times. Data for toluene (w/o scrubber), SEI ≈ 3 kJ/m3.
•  Higher concentrations and larger particles at higher residence times:
-  Higher concentration of oxidation products available for condensation
-  more time for particle formation and growth

- 22 -

- 23 -
Initial foundry field test – low volume unit (BTEX) - 1

- 24 -
•  Benzene removal (red, left axis) and non-methane total hydrocarbon (NMTHC, blue,
right axis)
•  NMTHC show typical (strong) variations in pollutant concentrations in the exhaust air of
a foundry
•  Removal of benzene anticorrelates NMTHC:
-  Other compounds than benzene react with the OH radical too
-  Reaction rate constant for benzene and OH is relatively slow
-  A pre-treatment unit reduces this correlation

- 25 -
Lessons from the field tests:
1.  UV pretreatment boosts treatment efficiency for benzene
2.  Addition of a scrubber removes water soluble compounds and reduces load on
photochemical treatment, improving performance.
Micro-
droplets
Pre-
treatment
UV UVChemistry Chemistry
Particle
removal
Sunlight Wet and dry deposition
Ozone
destruction

- 26 -

- 27 -

- 28 -
Second foundry field tests – medium volume unit
(amines and tetraethyl silicate) - 1

- 29 -
Test of light intensity
•  no significant difference in amine degradation at different tested UV intensities at
the last module

- 30 -
•  Small difference between UV-module 1 and 2

- 31 -
•  OH-radical production rate to amine concentration ratio (molecules per second/
ppm) lower at UV-module 1 than at UV-module 3

- 32 -
•  Does not reach 100% removal efficiency. This may be due to OH-radical self-
reaction in combination with lack of reaction time

- 33 -
•  Does not reach 100% removal efficiency due to OH-radical self-reaction in
combination with lack of reaction time
Amine removal ≈ 90% achieved

- 34 -
min10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
FID1A, (C:TEMGCVOC01718.D)
Tetraethyl silicate
Retention time [min]
Ethanol
Before treatment

- 35 -
min10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
FID1 A, (C:TEMGCVOC01717.D)
Second foundry field tests – medium volume unit (amines and
tetraethyl silicate) - 2
Tetraethyl silicate
Ethanol
After treatment

- 36 -
min10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
FID1 A, (C:TEMGCVOC01717.D)
(amines and tetraethyl silicate) – 3
Tetraethyl silicate
Ethanol
After treatment
Tetraethyl silicate removal >90% achieved

- 37 -
Second foundry field tests – medium volume unit (amines and
tetraethyl silicate) – 4
Compound Treatment-time UV-power Inlet Inlet Removal
s % (mg3/h) (mg3/h) %
Amines 4 0 -AAAA -AAAA 48
Amines 4 100 -AAAA -AAAA 77
Amines 4.4 100 -AAAA -AAAA 76
Amines 4.4 66.66 -AAAA -AAAA 76
N.NAdimethylethanamine 4 0 9.4 2.8 70
N.N*dimethylethanamine 4 100 5.5 0.6 89
Tetraethylsilicate-(TES) 8.5 0 11.2 8.4 25
Tetraethylsilicate-(TES) 8.5 100 13.4 3.1 77
Tetraethylsilicate6(TES) 9 100 1.88 0.03 98

- 38 -
A variable system with different modules to be adapted to the
individual pollution problem
The Climatic system
UV-module
Scrubber Charcoal
filter
ESP O3-
scrubber

- 39 -
•  Gas phase advanced oxidation results in efficient and rapid
treatment. Removal efficiencies >90% and treatment times of
tens of seconds have been demonstrated.
•  Specific Energy Inputs (SIE) of a few kJ/m3
•  Suited for emissions control in stacks with large flows
rates(<106 m3/hr) and moderate pollution levels (<500 ppm).
•  Chemically broad range of treatment: odors, solvents, food
processing, printing & painting, etc. etc.
•  Very well suited to the specific challenges met by by foundry
industry.
The Climatic system

- 40 -
Thank you.
Elna Nilsson, Jimmy Heimdal, Carl Meusinger, Andrew Butcher, Jonas Ingemar,
Kjertan Lyster, Anders Brostrøm, Christina Andersen, Vitalijs Rodins, Jes
Andersen, Monikka Bjergstrøm, Janus Hoff, Anders Feilberg, Jesper Baltzer
Liisberg, Sigurd Christiansen, Verena Rauchenwald, Karolis Sarka, Julien
Rzepkowski, Kristoffer Nannerup, Sarka Langer, Ole John Nielsen
Infuser A/S, Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster, LM Windpower, Department of
Chemistry, Foulum Research Center, EUROCHAMP-2, SP, O3 Technology,
Fuel Technology Int'l
And many many more.

- 41 -
Thank you.
Elna Nilsson, Jimmy Heimdal, Carl Meusinger, Andrew Butcher, Jonas Ingemar,
Kjertan Lyster, Anders Brostrøm, Christina Andersen, Vitalijs Rodins, Jes
Andersen, Monikka Bjergstrøm, Janus Hoff, Anders Feilberg, Jesper Baltzer
Liisberg, Sigurd Christiansen, Verena Rauchenwald, Karolis Sarka, Julien
Rzepkowski, Kristoffer Nannerup, Sarka Langer, Ole John Nielsen
Infuser A/S, Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster, LM Windpower, Department of
Chemistry, Foulum Research Center, EUROCHAMP-2, SP, O3 Technology,
Fuel Technology Int'l
And many many more.
Please come see us at:
Hall 17, A01

CLIMATIC - efficient advanced pollution control system, GIFA Foundry Fair 2015

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (11)

Ähnlich wie CLIMATIC - efficient advanced pollution control system, GIFA Foundry Fair 2015

Ähnlich wie CLIMATIC - efficient advanced pollution control system, GIFA Foundry Fair 2015 (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

CLIMATIC - efficient advanced pollution control system, GIFA Foundry Fair 2015