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Sigma (σ) adalah suatu huruf dalam alfabet Yunani
yang digunakan dalam ilmu statistik untuk
menggambarkan STANDAR DEVIASI (distribusi atau
penyebaran terhadap nilai rata- rata)
6σ
4. 4/46
1 σ
2 σ
USLLSL
3 σ
4 σ
5 σ
6 σ
SIGMA VALUESIGMA VALUE
(Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)(Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)
(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5σ)
Defects per Million
Opportunities
1
2
3
4
5
6
σ
σ
PPMDPMO
690000
308000
66800
6210
320
3.4
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LSL USL
ο
Normal Distribution Shifted 1.5σ
(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5σ)
Defects per Million
Opportunities
1
2
3
4
5
6
σσ PPMPPM
697700
308537
66807
6210
233
3.4
1.5σ 1.5σ
-6-6σσ -5-5σσ -4-4σσ -3-3σσ -2-2σσ -1-1σσ XX
11σ 2σ 3σ 4σ 5σ 6σσ 2σ 3σ 4σ 5σ 6σ
LSL : Lower Specification Limit : batas limit bawah
USL : Upper spesification Limit : batas limit atas
4.5σ4.5σ
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DEFECT = Nonconformity = kesalahan = kegagalan = cacat
• Produk/Service disebut memiliki DEFECT jika terdapat sekurang-
kurangnya satu spesifikasi yang tak dipenuhi .
• Defect bisa bersifat minor maupun major
Contoh :
Produk/Service Jenis Defect
Nasi goreng Rasa tidak enak, penyajian tidak menarik
Laporan keuangan Terlambat, analisa tidak akurat
Pengiriman barang Salah barang, salah jumlah, terlambat, rusak
Penjualan Tidak mencapai target
Rekrutmen Salah orang, lama
Mengecat Tergores, mengelupas, tidak rata
DEFECTDEFECT
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3 Sigma 6 Sigma
Untuk setiap 300.000 3.000 salah kirim1 salah kirim
surat dikirim
Untuk setiap 500.000 4.100 crash < 2 crash
computer restarts
Dalam 500 thn, laporan 60 bulan 0.18 bulan
Bulanan tak balance tak balance
Setiap minggu siaran 1.68 jam 1.8 menit
TV per channel dead air dead air
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Bagi Perusahaan :
1. Mempertahankan kelangsungan usaha
• Meningkatkan Market share
• Customer Retention
• Meningkatkan Profit dan Investor Relations
• Meningkatkan hubungan dengan Supplier
2. Adanya kejelasan performance yang harus dicapai oleh setiap
anggota organisasi
3. Mempercepat kegiatan improvement:
• Process Improvement: Defect reduction, Cycle time reduction,
metodologi desain proses
• Meningkatkan Produktifitas
• Product/service Improvement
• Cost Reduction
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Bagi Perusahaan :
4. Mendorong budaya belajar di dalam organisasi
• Meningkatkan skill karyawan dalam memperbaiki proses
5. Mendorong dilakukannya perubahan yang bersifat strategis
• Culture Change
Bagi Pelanggan:
Meningkatkan “value to customer”
• Produk / service yang bermutu tinggi
• Biaya yang murah harga murah
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Six Sigma is in use in virtually all industries
around the world. Some of companies can be
listed as:
Motorola
Ericsson
General Electric
Sony
Ford Motor Co.
CITI bank
•1010
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› Define specific goals to achieve outcomes,
consistent with customers demand and business
strategy
› Measure reduction of defects
› Analyze problems, cause and effects must be
considered
› Improve process on bases of measurements and
analysis
› Control process to minimize defects
•1313
18. 18/46
Define the project
Measure the opportunity
Analyze the process
Design the process
Verify the performance
•1818
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Six Sigma Compared to TQM
Extensive
Money
International
Standard
Little
Quality
Use Internal
Standard
Applied
statistics
tools
Ultimate
objective
Standarization
Six Sigma TQM
(Mikel J. Harry)
20. 20/46
SIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARDSIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARD
Identifikasi hal-hal
yang membuat
Organisasi sukses
Tetapkan
“Performance Driver”
Identifikasi
key proses yang
berdampak
pada performance
Tetapkan ukuran,
monitor dan evaluasi
Six Sigma strategic projects
Six Sigma strategic projects
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•22
If you want to make yourself more valuable and
attractive to employers then get training and
certification
Option I – Certification as Six Sigma Green Belt
Option II – Certification as Six Sigma Black Belt
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What did they learn ?
How did they learn?
What were the facilitators?
What were the barriers?
How did they deal with issues?
•All the answer were categorized,
summarized and then create an Affinity
Diagram
•All the answer were categorized,
summarized and then create an Affinity
Diagram
31. 31/46
As expected, through the projects conducted, team
members learned about the DFSS methodology.
However, through the development of their new or
redesigned processes, they also learned about the value
of evaluation, process improvement, and project
management.
Furthermore, project team members indicated they
learned through hands-on practice, as a result of their
knowledge about the DFSS approach, as well as
assistance from both inside and outside their organization.
Challenges : not having member that having critical
information, time management, resistance to change
and lack of buy in.
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This research involved conducting case studies in a small
number of behavioral/mental healthcare facilities, the
findings may not be generalizable to other settings.
This study only considered individual level learning examined
through the collection of qualitative data, which may have
limited the ability to draw broad conclusions from this
research beyond the comments made by individual project
team members through their journal entries.
Hence, future studies should examine learning within the
context of DFSS projects through a larger sample of project
teams. It may also be useful to employ a methodology that
collects both qualitative as well as quantitative data to
provide more support for conclusions drawn from the
research.
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•3434
Author : Ion Durbaca, Elena-Florentina Radu, Adrian-Costin Durbaca
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313,
Bucharest, Romania
Publisher : Alma Mater Publishing House
Published Year : 2015
35. 35/46
Global Plan for Water Quality Monitoring, which is part of global system
monitoring environment (GEMS), initiated by the United Nations
Enviromental Program provides tracking of water quality through three
category parameters:
a.Basic parameters (temperature, pH, resitivity, dissolved oxygen, coli
bacilli);
b.Indicative parameters of persistent pollution (cadmium, mercury,
halogenated organic compounds, anorganic mineral oils);
c.Optional parameters ( total organic carbon – COT, biochemical
oxygen demand –CBO5, anionic detergents, heavy metals, arsenic,
boron, sodium cyanide, total oil, strepcococci).
•3535
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Specific phases of this method are presented in order
application:
• Defining the opportunities (defect/nonconformities etc)
• Measuring the current level performance
• Analysis of opportunities (the main causes of problem/defects)
• Improving the performance by identifying and implementating the
solustions which eliminates the source of defects
• Control performance
•3636
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Defining quality improvement opportunities (D)
writer use the brainstorming technique for identifying defective
opportunities (DOi) with criterias (C), and the result is quality
indicator classification – pH within specifications (DO1) has the
bigger precentage from total, which mean has the bigger
opportunities to be defective
Measurement of current performance level (M)
The quality analysis of water quality characteristics, consisting 30 water
samples taken from different sources on the same site. Using the “six
sigma” approach statistical method, the result of the specifications
(pH) limits is lower 5,632 and upper 8,614 (approtiate six sigma level,
equivalent to 3,4 defect per one million opportunities)
•3737
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Analysis quality improvement opportunities (A)
This study calls for undertaking measures regarding the removal of
reduction of the cause/causes related to the quality problem
Improving the performances (I)
At the level of organization for which this study is done, it must be
rigorously enforced the implementation of an algorithm that
includes the following steps to improve performance
Performances control (C)
Identification of actual performance measuring process with actual
control should prevent the recurrence of nonconformities and
maintain the achievements through improvement
•3838
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Given that the basic requirement of measured values for hydrogen ion
concentration (pH) that characterize the quality of drinking water
needed in aforemantioned industry, is represented by the need for a
weakly alkaline nature, so that all pH values should lie strictly within
imposed specifications limit (LIS = 7.0 dan LSS 7.5)
But by implementing the statistical method six sigma, those
specifications limits calculated (lower 5.362 and upper 8.614) are more
permissible.
•3939
Hinweis der Redaktion
JELASKAN TENTANG TINGGI BADAN : RATA-RATA & STD DEV
Mengapa Sigma sebagai ukuran?
Lebih sensitif dibanding %
Focus pada defect
Ukuran yang mudah dibandingkan
Dari Halaman:503
Define: Define is the first step in the process. In this step, it is important to define specific goals in achieving outcomes that are consistent with both your customer’s demands and your own business’s strategy. In essence, you are laying down a road map for accomplishment.
Measure: In order to determine whether or not defects have been reduced, you need a base measurement. In this step, accurate measurements must be made and relevant data must be collected so that future comparisons can be measured to determine whether or not defects have been reduced.
Analyze: Analysis is extremely important to determine relationships and the factors of causality. If you are trying to understand how to fix a problem, cause and effect is extremely necessary and must be considered.
Improve: Making improvements or optimizing your processes based on measurements and analysis can ensure that defects are lowered and processes are streamlined.
Control: This is the last step in the DMAIC methodology. Control ensures that any variances stand out and are corrected before they can influence a process negatively causing defects. Controls can be in the form of pilot runs to determine if the processes are capable and then once data is collected, a process can transition into standard production. However, continued measurement and analysis must ensue to keep processes on track and free of defects below the Six Sigma limit.
Define: Define is the first step in the process. In this step, it is important to define specific goals in achieving outcomes that are consistent with both your customer’s demands and your own business’s strategy. In essence, you are laying down a road map for accomplishment.
Measure: In order to determine whether or not defects have been reduced, you need a base measurement. In this step, accurate measurements must be made and relevant data must be collected so that future comparisons can be measured to determine whether or not defects have been reduced.
Analyze: Analysis is extremely important to determine relationships and the factors of causality. If you are trying to understand how to fix a problem, cause and effect is extremely necessary and must be considered.
Improve: Making improvements or optimizing your processes based on measurements and analysis can ensure that defects are lowered and processes are streamlined.
Control: This is the last step in the DMAIC methodology. Control ensures that any variances stand out and are corrected before they can influence a process negatively causing defects. Controls can be in the form of pilot runs to determine if the processes are capable and then once data is collected, a process can transition into standard production. However, continued measurement and analysis must ensue to keep processes on track and free of defects below the Six Sigma limit.
