Presented by Dr. Shenggen FAN,

1. Shenggen Fan
Director General
IFPRI
APRIL 1, 2015 | DAKAR

2. Strong advances against hunger and
poverty
Hunger is decreasing…
…as is extreme poverty
Steady GDP growth
201419%
11%
1990 2014
Advanced
economies
LICs & MICs
4.4%
1.8%
700 million
people
209 million
people
36%
16%
1990 2010
Lowest staple food prices
since 2010
118
161
201
160
188
230
202
180
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
FAO Food
Price Index

3. Food policy in 2014
Mixed results
PROGRESS VULNERABILITIES HOPE
 Higher priority for nutrition
 Greater understanding of
role of WASH
 New commitments on trade
and climate
 Increased attention to
resilience
 Focus on family farming
! Persistent conflicts
! Re-emerging zoonotic
diseases (e.g. Ebola, Avian flu)
! Continued extreme
weather shocks
(e.g. Typhoon Hagupit)
! Rising food safety
scandals
! Higher prices of
nutritious foods
 SDGs—refining goals
 China-US climate deal—
making real advances
 Lima GHG accord—realizing
more progress in Paris
 Global Alliance for CSA—
driving greener production
 ICN2 sequel—sustaining
action on nutrition
 Compact2025—pushing
knowledge frontier

4. Regional and national developments
• High food inflation; intense climatic risk
• New schemes of financial inclusion for the
poor
• Reduced fuel subsidies
• Built strategic grain reserves
• Recommitted to CAADP (Malabo Declaration)
• Pledged to reduce child malnutrition by 2025
(5 more SUN countries)
• Renewed commitment to food security and
food safety (Beijing Declaration)
• Reforms of agric. and social protection policies
• Remained food production powerhouse
• New South-South learning initiatives
e.g. Brazil’s Zero Hunger
Africa
South
Asia
MENA
LAC
East
Asia

5. Food security and nutrition in Africa
Smallholders are key
Source: FAO 2014
% of agric. holdings less than 2 haFarmland cultivated by small family
farmers in Africa
Source: Fan, Brzeska, and Olofinbiyi 2015
Smallholders make up majority of
poor and hungry in Africa 0 10 20 30 40
Guinea
Mozambique
Lesotho
Namibia
Uganda
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Malawi
Côte d’Ivoire
DR Congo

6. Differences exist on
• Their potential to commercialize
• Soft constraints
— E.g. access to info and financial capital
• Hard constraints
― E.g. high population density and low quality soil
• Stage of economic transformation
• Level of productivity in and outside of agriculture
• Economic diversification and growth
But not all smallholders are the same
Agriculture-
based
Transforming Transformed

7. Smallholders should be supported to
move up or move out
• MOVE UP
• Smallholders with profit potential move from subsistence
farming to profitable farming systems
• Already profitable smallholders scale-up commercial
activities
OR
• MOVE OUT
• Smallholders with no profit potential move out of
agriculture for non-farm employment

8. • Limited farm size
• Limited access to financial
services
• Inadequate access to modern
markets
• Food price spikes and volatility
• Climate change
Challenges hinder
smallholder profitability
Picture source: IFPRI

9. • Promote land rights and efficient land
markets
• Invest in agric. R&D to produce more
with less
• Support efficient and inclusive food
value chains
• Close gender gaps; develop young
farmers
• Scale up productive, cross-sector
social safety nets
Enhancing smallholder
profitability is crucial
Picture source: IFPRI

10. 1. Promote land rights and efficient
land markets
• Facilitate efficient transfers of land
• Certification of land rights
• Well-functioning land rental markets
• Fairer compensation for land requisition
• Encourage transfers to smallholders with more
interest and resources
• Lift restrictions on min/max land ownership or land rental
markets
• Secure property rights

11. 2. Invest in agric. R&D to produce more
with less
• Expand smallholder-friendly agric. R&D for
• Breeding high-nutrient crop and livestock varieties
• Increasing resource-use efficiency e.g. water, energy
• Promoting climate-smart practices e.g. “triple win”
strategies for adaptation/mitigation and productivity
Solar-powered drip
irrigation
Orange-flesh sweet
potato
Vitamin A cassava Iron-rich beans
Picture sources: IITA; HarvestPlus; IRRI

12. Producing more with less
Biofortification: Orange-fleshed sweet potato
Source: HarvestPlus 2012

13. Producing more with less
Climate-smart practices: “triple wins”
CROP MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
PRODUCTIVITY
IMPACTS
ADAPTATION BENEFITS
GHG MITIGATION
POTENTIAL
Improved crop
varieties or types
Increased crop yields &
reduced yield variability
Increased resilience
against climate change
Increased soil carbon
storage
Improved crop
rotation/fallowing/
rotation with legumes
Increased soil fertility &
yields due to nitrogen
fixing in soils
Improved soil fertility &
water holding capacity
increases resilience to
climate change
High mitigation potential,
esp. crop rotation with
legumes
Use of cover crops Increased yields due to
erosion control &
reduced nutrient
leaching
Improved soil fertility &
water holding capacity
increases resilience
High mitigation potential
through increased soil
carbon sequestration
Appropriate use of
fertilizer and manure
Higher yields Improved productivity
increases resilience to
climate change
High mitigation potential,
esp. where fertilizer has
been underutilized
Source: Bryan et al. 2011
Synergies between productivity, climate change adaptation, and GHG mitigation, Kenya

14. • Promote smallholder-friendly
innovations
• Improve postharvest
handling
• Enhance food safety and
quality standards
• Invest in rural infrastructure
3. Support efficient and
inclusive food value chains
Picture source: IFPRI

15. • Offers weather-indexed insurance—smallholders can
obtain credit and purchase better inputs
• Partners with int’l organizations, MFIs, NGOs, reinsurers,
etc.
• Beneficiaries
• Malawi: 2,500
• Rwanda: 500
• Tanzania: 300
• Increased yields, e.g. by 300% in Malawi
Promote smallholder-friendly innovations
MicroEnsure, Africa
Source: Hess and Hazell 2010; Leftley 2010
Picture source: Dignited

16. Gender equality in
agriculture leads to
• Higher agricultural output;
productivity gains
• Reduced hunger and malnutrition,
esp. for next generation
• Improved rural livelihoods
Picture source: FAO
4. Close gender gaps…
Urban & peri-urban horticulture
project, DR Congo
• 150,000 tons of vegetables produced
/ year in 5 cities
• Produced by 5,000 small-scale
gardeners on 1,000 ha land
• Income generation for over 60,000
people along the value chain, esp.
women
Source: FAO 2010
Linking agriculture, nutrition
and gender

17. • Land, capital, and skill-building are crucial to develop next
generation of farmers
• Improve rural infrastructure to increase access to services, goods,
jobs, and leisure
• Young people + opportunity = “Youth dividend”
Source: Brooks, Zorya, and Gautam 2012
…and develop young farmers
Population aged 15-24 (billions) Agriculture in Africa
• Main employer of Africa’s young
people, likely to remain so in future
• Often offers best opportunity to
move out of poverty
• BUT not seen as attractive option
Source: UN 2012
0
0.5
1
1.5
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
World Africa

18. 5. Scale up productive and cross-sector
social safety nets
• Promote better-targeted and more productive social
protection policies
• Short-term cushion for coping with livelihood shocks
• Long-term productivity-enhancing opportunities for smallholders
• Design cross-sectoral social protection to reach poor more
effectively e.g.
• Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program
• Access to both safety nets and ag. support improves food security,
livelihoods more than stand-alone programs (Berhane et al. 2014)
• Bangladesh’s Vulnerable Group Development Program
• Food security and nutrition interventions with income-generating
activities that target women (Ahmed et al. 2009)

19. Launch in
November
2015
Evidence-
based,
country-led
approach
Established
networks and
new players
Knowledge
and
innovation
hub
Global and
national
champions
Senegal has key role to play