6. Reservoir characterization Reservoir model incl. dynamic properties Geological (or static) reservoir model Well logs Biostratigraphy Sedimentology Geochemistry Seismics Reservoir modelling Tracer data Production data
15. Tracing of injection fluids P referential flow directions H orizontal and vertical communication between wells P ermeability strata S weep volumes L arge-scale hetero-geneities Injection well Production well Stratified reservoir
16. Field tracer production profiles P roduction curves for HTO in various production wells also illustrating how break-through has been missed in two cases D esign of experi-ment done with ECLIPSE on existing reservoir model FROM WELLS IN A NORTH SEA RESERVOIR 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 (Thousands) TIME FROM FIRST INJECTION (DAYS) 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 INJ.
21. Isotopic ratio tracers Example: Ratio of 12 C and 13 C which varies in different fluids and C-containing matter. The standard is an established reference, such as ocean water .
22. Radioactive tracers for IWTT Organic molecules : CH 2 T OH, 14 C H 3 OH CH 3 14 C HOHCH 3 , CH 3 C T OHCH 3 Inorganic molecules: H T O, 22 Na + , 125 I - , ( 131 I - ), ( 82 Br - ), 36 Cl - , 35 S CN - , S 14 C N - , ( 35 S O 4 2- ), 56 Co (CN) 6 3- , 57 Co (CN) 6 3- , 58 Co (CN) 6 3- , 60 Co (CN) 6 3- Co(CN) 5 ( 14 C N) 3-
23. Non-radioactive polyfluorinated interwell water tracers H F COOH H H H H F COOH H H H F H COOH F H H H H COOH F F H H H COOH H F F H F COOH H H F H F COOH F F F H F COOH H H H
25. Non-radioactive gas tracers P erfluorinated cyclic hydro-carbons with coordinated light hydrocarbon (methyl) groups are excellent gas tracers PMCP PMCH CARBON FLUORINE 1,2,4-PTMCH PDCB 1,3-PDMCH
26. Gas Tracer sample container General version, pressurized New, for PFC-tracers, non-pressurized
29. Fluorescense of produced waters and tracers Gullfaks water IFE-WTN-1,3 IFE-WTN-1,3,6 Fluorescein Tap water Heidrun water IFE-WTN-2,7 Emission wavelength (nm) Exitation wavelength (rel) Norne water
37. Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) Cold heavy oil Combustion zone Coke zone Mobil oil Injected air and water
38.
39. SAGD principle SAGD = Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Steam injection Oil production Vapor heats up a compartment around the well and mobilizes the oil The mobilized oil is drained into the lower production well
40. Statement “ D uring the startup and early operation of horizontal SAGD wells, it is important to understand the flow distribution of bitumen and water along the horizontal reservoir interval. I f this distribution is understood, the distribution of steam, injected either at the heel or toe of the steam injector, can be adjusted to optimize the startup and early operation of the SAGD pair”. JPT
41. Tracers for SAGD Requirement: Tracers stable at temperatures of 200-300 C For water vapor: H T O, CH 2 T OH For water cond. phase: Naphtalene-sulphonic acids For steam/gas phases: Various PFCs
42. Low Temp. Solvent (VAPEX) Production well Injection well Draining diluted and deasphalted oil
43. Tracers for VAPEX presently in pilot tests Requirement: Temperature is not a stability issue for the tracers but they must be stable against biodegradation For light injected HC: T - or 14 C -labelled propane, isopropane, butane, isobutane, pentane etc. For cond. aq-phase: FBA, Naphtalene-sulphonic acids, H T O and several more
44. SAGD and VAPEX combined -high-temperature recovery – in pilot stage Production well Injection well Mobilized oil
45. Tracers for combined SAGD and VAPEX Requirement: Tracers for water vapor, water condensed phase and gas phase stable at temperatures of 200-300 C as for SAGD Additional: Radiolabelled light HC tracers as for VAPEX