9. In 490 BC the Persians attacked Athens. Everybody was very frightened, because the Persians were great fighters. Darius I of Persia , King of Kings led them. All the men in Athens marched out to meet the Persians at Marathon. They thought they would lose. But the Athenians won. BATTLE OF MARATHON
10. BATTLES OF THERMOPYLAE, SALAMIS AND PLATAEA In 480 BC the Persians attacked again.This time with their king Xerxes. The cities in Greece banded together and formed a league to fight the Persians. But the Persians were too much , so they lost. This battle is called Thermopylae. At the following battles they won. These battles were Salamis and Platea.
11. TAXES The Athenians convinced the other Greek cities that they needed to keep the strong Greek navy together in case the Persians came back again. At first everyone thought this was a good idea, except the Spartans, who refused. But the Persians did not come back. After a while, some of the cities refused. But the Athenians used their big navy to make the other cities keep sending money.
12. The Athenians also spent some of the money on their own city. No Athenians had to pay taxes anymore. They used the money from the other cities to build great temples like the Parthenon .
13. The other cities in Greece were angry.Some cities took sides with Athens, others with Sparta. There was a big war, from 431 BC to 404 BC. This is called the Peloponnesian War. But finally, with the help of the Persians, the Spartans won and the Athenians lost. PELOPONNESIAN WAR
15. In the north of Greece, in a country called Macedon, King Philip had noticed that the Greeks were very weak , so he attacked the Greek city-states and conquered them. Philip was assassinated in 336 BC. KING PHILP
16. ALEXANDER THE GREAT Philip's son, Alexander, became king, and he also ruled Greece. Alexander was only 20 when he became king. He not only held onto Greece, he also took a big army of Greeks and Macedonians, attacked the Persian Empire and he conquered it. He conquered first Turkey, then Phoenicia, then Israel, then Egypt, then further east all the way to Afghanistan and India.
17. In India Alexander and his troops turned back. But a lot of the soldiers died on the way back, and in 323 BC, Alexander himself died of a fever, in Babylon. He was 33 years old.
18. Alexander died without any sons old enough to rule, and so he divided his empire in three main parts: Egypt, which was ruled by a man named Ptolemy, Seleucia , which was ruled by a man named Seleucus, and Macedon and Greece. These men were his generals. EGYPT, SELEUCIA, MACEDONE AND GREECE.
19. Although these three kingdoms often fought each other, still the Hellenistic period was one of prosperity and learning. A great university was founded at Alexandria, in Egypt.
21. I n the Late Bronze Age there were monarchies. After this period monarchies dissapeared but in Sparta the monarchy survived. The spartan monarchy had two kings. One king might stay home, while the other was away fighting battles. Fighting battles was what the Spartans did best. Greeks said that in a battle one Spartan was worth several other men. MONARCHIES
34. Name some Greek city- states is Mycenae, Sparta, Pylos, Athens, Corinth, Ithaca, and so on.
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39. Teenaged boys were those who had passed puberty but had not yet grown beards say about 15-20 years old, while young men had grown beards but were not yet married saya bout 20-30 years old.
55. HERASTOSTHENES Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was born in Cyrene , but worked and died in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Was a Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer. He is noted for devising a system of latitude and longitude and computing the size of the Earth. He made several important contributions to mathematics and science. He died in 194 B.C, at the age of 82.
56. EUCLID Very little is known about the life of Euclid. Both the dates and places of his birth and death are unknown. Euclid of Alexandria is the most prominent mathematician of antiquity best known for his treatise on mathematics The Elements. The long lasting nature of The Elements must make Euclid the leading mathematics teacher of all time. For his work in the field, he is known as the father of geometry and is considered one of the great Greek mathematicians.
57. HYPATIA OF ALEXANDRIA Hypatia of Alexandria (c. 380 - 415) was a philosopher, mathematician, and teacher who lived in Alexandria. She was the daughter of Theon, the last fellow of the Museum of Alexandria. Several works are attributed to her but none has survived. Hypatia's contributions to science are reputed to include the invention of the astrolabe and the hydrometer.
58. Hypatia was murdered in March 415 in the Alexandrian church of the Caesareum by a mob led by a Christian magistrate named Peter.
59. Born in Eleusis, a district of Athens, in 525 BC. Aeschylus (525-456 BC) was an ancient Greek playwright. He wrote his first plays in 498 BC. He is often recognized as the father or the founder tragedy, and is the earliest of the three Greek tragedians whose plays survive. He expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflic between them; previously, characters interacted only with the chorus. Unfortunately, only seven of the estimated 70 plays written by Aeschylus have survived into modern times. AESCHYLUS
60. Aeschylus was killed in 456 BC when an eagle (or more likely a Lammergeier), mistaking the playwright's bald crown for a stone, dropped a tortoise on his head (though some accounts differ, claiming it was a stone dropped by an eagle or vulture that likely mistook his bald head for the egg of a flightless bird). s bird).
61. Sophocles was an ancient Greek playwright, dramatist, priest, and politician of Athens. Sophocles is the second of the three great Greek tragedians. He was the son of Sophilus, the owner of successful weapons factory. Sophocles was born in 496 B.C in Colonus near Athens, Greece. Sophocles won awards while in school for music and wrestling. He was very beautyful. He was also a general for the Athenian Empire in the Peloponnesian Wars. He died in 406 BC in Athen s . SOPHOCLES
62. ARISTOPHANES Aristophanes was a Greek Old Comic dramatist. He is also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy. The place and exact date of his birth and of his death are unknown He wrote forty plays, eleven of which survive; his plays are the only surviving complete examples of Old Attic Comedy .
63. PLAUTUS Titus Maccius Plautus (254 BC - 184 BC, born at Sassina, Umbria) was a comic playwright in the time of the Roman Republic. The years of his life are uncertain. Twenty-one of his plays survive. His most typical character is the clever slave who manipulates his master, reversing the master-slave dynamic expected of such relationships in the Roman world. Most characters in Plautus' play are stock characters such as Senex (the old man). Plautus' work gave ideas to many playwrights afterwar.
64. XENOPHON Xenophon was a soldier, mercenary and Athenian student of Socrates and is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the sayings of Socrates, and the life of Greece. Xenophon was born in Attica into a land-owning family of moderate oligarchs. He participated in the Peloponnesian War. Xenophon died at Corinth, or perhaps Athens, and his date of birth and death are uncertain.
65. HERODOTUS Herodotus of Halicarnassus was an historian who lived in the 5th century BC. He was born in c. 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Greece. He is famous for his writings on the conflict between Greece and Persia, as well as the descriptions he wrote of different places and people he met on his travels. Herodotus wrote “A History of the Persian Wars.” He was exiled from Halicarnassus , so he died in Thurii, Italy, in 425 BC.
