1. BABYHOOD

2. Babyhood
Babyhood extends from the end of the second week of life
to the end of the second year. Hurlock(1982) cites that
infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by extreme
helplessness. The word toddler has been increasingly used to
denote a baby that has achieved enough control of his body
to permit relative independence, such as moving about,
feeding himself, etc.

3. Characteristics of Babyhood
1. It is the true foundation age
2. It is an age of rapid growth and change
3. It is an age of increasingly independency
4. It is the age of heightened individuality
5. It is the foundation period for socialization
6. It is the foundation period for sex-role typing
7. It is an appealing age
8. It is the foundation period for creativity
9. It is a hazardous age

4. Development Tasks of Babyhood
• Learning to walk
• Learning to take solid foods
• Having organs of elimination under partial control
• Achieving reasonable physiological stability especially in hunger
rhythm and sleep
• Relating emotionally to parents and siblings
• Learning the foundations of speech
• Learning sex differences
• Getting ready to read
• Learning to distinguish between right and wrong and developing a
conscience

5. PATTERNS OF FILIPINO PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT DURING
BABYHOOD
• Weight
male infants are heavier by 0.11
males at birth is 3.05
females is 2.94

6. PATTERNS OF FILIPINO PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT DURING
BABYHOOD
• Height
Mean length for males and females at
birth is48.85cms and 48.14cms. Males are
longer than females from birth to one year of
age from 0.71cms at birth to 2.05cms at 11
months.

7. PATTERNS OF FILIPINO PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT DURING
BABYHOOD
• Teeth
The lower central incisors tend to precede
the upper central incisors and the upper lateral
incisors to precede the lower laterals.
First tooth to erupt is the lower central
incisor followed by the upper central, the upper
lateral, and lower lateral incisors

8. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN BABYHOOD
They are able to use their bodies in coordinated manner due to the
maturation of their muscles, bones, and nerve structures as well as
the changes in body proportions.
 One to Two(1-2) Months-Tonic-neck reflex(ntr).
 Three(3)Months-On the verge of turning to prone position.
 Four(4)Months-Can turn to prone from supine position.

9. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN BABYHOOD
 Eight(8)Months-alternate from prone to sitting position
and back to prone from sitting position.
 Nine(9)Months- pull himself to standing position by holding
on to rail.
 Ten to Eleven(10-11)Months-mastered sitting positio.
 Twelve(12)Months-walk in a steady manner.

10. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN BABYHOOD
 Fifteen(15)Months-push a chair around, climb it, and get
down.
 Eighteen(18)Months-runs but falls. Climb stairs by
creeping.
 Twenty-one(21)Months-can squat while playing.
 Twenty-four(24)Months-can walk backward three or more
steps.

11. SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
Speech is one tool for communication.
The Course of Language Development
Age (in Months) Vocalization and Language
4 Coos and chuckles
6 to 9 Produces sounds such as “ma”
or “pa”.
12 to 18 Small number of
“words”;simple commands,
and responds to “no”.
18 to 21 Form about 20 words at 18
months to about 200 words at
21.

12. Continuation:
The Course of Language Development
Age (in Months) Vocalization and Language
24 to 27 Vocabulary of 300 to 400 words.
30 to 33 Fastest increase in vocabulary.
36 to 39 Vocabulary of 1,000 words or
more.

13. Prespeech Forms of Communication
1. Crying-Hurlock(1982) considers it to be the very first piece of
human behavior that has social value.
2. Cooing and Babbling- the baby’s vocal mechanisms develop,
becomes capable of producing explosive sounds which develop
into babbling or lallation.
3. Gesturing-this develop and is used by the baby not to supplement,
but to substitute for his speech.
4. Emotional Expressions-the most effective prespeech forms of
communication.
-simply incorporates what they hears into the general scheme of his preceptions
called “schemata”

14. DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERSTANDING
Acquired through maturation and learning an understing of
what they observe abd this depends largely on two factors:
Level of Intelligence and Previous Experience.
Important concepts that develop in babyhood are those related to:
1. Space 5. Sex-role
2. Weight 6. Social
3. Time 7. beauty
4. Self 8. The comic

15. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BABYHOOD
Dr. Fernando Hofilena (1983),”How Babies Learn to Love”. It is at
feeding time that the baby receives the earliest lesson in love,
along with the earliest stimulation of his intellect.
Babies may show profound disturbances in health and in motor,
social, and language development as was found in a study by
Rene Spitz(1983).
Common emotional patterns shown in babyhood: anger, fear,
curiosity, joy, and affection.

16. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALIZATION
For toddlers, friendship involves as element of choice. An important indication
of a first friendship is preference for one particular child over all other kids. Another
sign is sharing happiness, even joy, when the toddlers greet each other.
Signs: banging spoons on a table simultaneously, using the same color of
crayons to draw similar patterns or figures, or playing with similar, if not identical
toys.(Kimberly Whaley(1990)of Ohio State University)believes that the exact
mimicking show an awareness between the children and acts to forge a connection
that excludes others and creates a history for them.(Whaley)all the relationship
sprang up between boys and girls, rather than children of the same sex.

17. Roopnarine and Honig(1985)suggested ways by which parents and
other adults can help kids who are trouble finding playmates or
making friends:
1. Use positive disciplinary techniques.
2. Be models of warm, nurturing, attentive behavior, and work to
builds kid’s self-esteem.
3. Show prosocial behavior yourself, and praise signs of children’s
budding empathy and responsiveness.
4. Make a special effort to find a play group for kids.
5. Encourage “loners”
6. Teach “friendship skills”

18. FUNCTION AND VIRTUES OF PLAY
Frank and Theresa Caplan(1995)Power of Play consider it abnormal for a child not to play since playing
is a valuable way for a child to absorb information, learn skills, and aid his personal development.
Consider the following to be the merits of play:
1. It aids growth
2. It is a voluntary activity
3. It gives freedom of action to a child
4. It provides an imaginary world that a child
5. It has elements of adventure in it.
6. Through it, language can be built up.
7. It has a unique power of building interpersonal relations.
8. It offers opportunities for mastery of the physical self.
9. It furthers interest and concentration.
10. It allows the child to investigate the material world.
11. It is a way of learning adult roles.
12. It is dynamic way of learning.
13. It refines a child’s judgment.
14. Academics can be structures into it.
15. It is vitalizing, in that through it the child gets a relief from the sense of powerless.

19. Graccianus R. Reyes(1995)
”Child’s Play A Potent Tool for Education”, gave out tips
on choosing toys tots:
1. Look for toys made of non-toxic material.
1. Buy toys that are affordable.
2. Select toys that are safe.
3. Choose toys that whet the imagination and creativity of
toddlers.
4. Give the toddler construction toys.
5. Never force a toy on a toddler.

20. PLAY PATTERNS OF BABYHOOD
1. Sensorimotor Play
2. Exploratory Play
3. Imitative Play
4. Make-Believe/Fantasy Play
5. Games
6. Amusement

21. Moral Development
Babies are neither moral nor immoral but non-moral since they have not yet
formed a scale of values and a conscience. According to Hurlock(1982), it
is in terms of the pleasure or pain it brings them rather that on the basis
of the effects it has on others.
Morality by constraint-automatic obedience to rules without reasoning or
judgment.
Interest in Sexuality
Barbara Rutter(1996), sensitivity to sexual stimulation is present at birth, and
that erections are often noted in newborn males.