1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
250
RUTTING RESISTANCE OF FILLER MODIFIED BITUMINOUS
CONCRETE SURFACES
Dr. K.V.Krishna Reddy
1
Professor & Principal, Chilkur Balaji Institute of Technology, Hyderabad-75, AP, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, an attempt is made to study the improvement in rut resistance of
the conventional bituminous concrete by modification with fillers like fly ash, lime and
crumb rubber. The study includes evaluation of the conventional and modified bituminous
surface courses in the laboratory and with the Medium Scale Accelerated Pavement Rut
Tester on a test track. The results found were encouraging with crumb rubber providing the
maximum benefit.
Key Words: Accelerated Pavement Testing, Rutting resistance, Filler modified bituminous
concrete.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, highways have experienced an increase in the severity and extent of
permanent deformation (rutting) in hot mix asphalt pavements. The increased rutting has
been attributed to increase in axle loads and traffic volumes. Conventional flexible pavements
have water bound macadam being used as the base course and granular material in the
subbase, both of which are load distributing layers. They have good material properties and
sufficient strength to transfer the loads coming from the top layers and need no replacement
or additives except for strict quality control during construction, leaving the top surface
course for modification for desired performance.
In the present study, an attempt is made to evaluate the rutting resistance of the
flexible pavements by improving the stiffness of the surface courses sufficiently to sustain the
high stress states. The study includes evaluation of optimal quantities of fillers for bituminous
concrete layer and conduct laboratory wheel tracking test along with field tests on the test
track built for the purpose to evaluate the life benefit due surface modifications in various
combinations using a Medium Scale Accelerated Pavement Rut Tester (Krishna Reddy.K.V,
2007) to evaluate the rutting resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), pp. 250-257
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2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
251
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Laboratory testing
80/100-penetration grade bitumen has been considered as basic material for the
surface course. Aggregates with grade II specifications as per MORTH (Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways) specification have been collected from local quarry. Basic material
properties have been determined as per codal provisions.
Laboratory tests, namely abrasion, attrition, impact value, shape and crushing value have
been conducted on the aggregate and the properties of the same are reported in Table 1. Tests
on bitumen, namely penetration, ductility, softening point, specific gravity and flash& fire
point test have been conducted and the findings are as per Table 2.
Table 1 Properties of aggregate used for surface course
Property Value Property Value
Specific gravity
CA 2.79
FA 2.76
Abrasion value 24%
Impact value 15% Attrition value 21%
Crushing value 20%
Shape test
(EI+FI)
13%
Table 2 Properties of bitumen used for modification
Property Value Property Value
Specific gravity 1.04 Ductility 100+ cm
Penetration
(in 0.1mm)
84.65
Flash point
Fire point
2700
C
3150
C
Softening point 470
C Viscosity 130 Sec
Fly ash is procured from Ramagundam super thermal power plant, Hydrated lime of
specific gravity 2.35 is procured locally. The filler is introduced as filler by replacing the
finer fraction (<75micron) in the aggregate in terms of % by weight of aggregate. Crumb
rubber obtained by grinding scrap pneumatic motor vehicle / truck tires is procured locally.
Wet process of mixing crumb rubber was adopted, where in the crumb is added to the
conventional bituminous binder by weight of bitumen before incorporating the same into the
final mix. Crumb rubber is added to bitumen after heating the conventional 80/100-bitumen
to a temperature of 1630
C.
Marshall Mix design using conventional materials was conducted on three samples
each. The optimum bitumen content for conventional bituminous concrete mix is found to
4.3% for grade-II aggregates. Further, optimum filler content in case of lime, fly ash and
crumb rubber were evaluated by adding them at the optimum bitumen content obtained for
the conventional bitumen The mix design values for conventional and modified mixes are as
given in Table 3.

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
252
Table 3. Properties of conventional and modified bituminous mixes
S.
No
Mix / Property
Conventional
mix
Crumb
modified
mix
Fly ash
modified
mix
Lime
modified
mix
1 Optimum Bitumen /
filler content
4.3% (Bitumen) 11.8% 2.30% 2.80%
2 MSV (Kg) 1300 2405
1505 2650
3 Air voids (%) 3.875 3.425 4.5 4.05
4 Flow value (mm) 2.375 3.750 3.38 3.5
5 Bulk density (g/cc) 2.520 2.470 2.43 2.446
2.2 Equipment used
Laboratory wheel tracking test is used in the laboratory to evaluate the rutting
resistance of the conventional and filler modified bituminous concrete samples. The medium
scale accelerated pavement rut tester (MAPRT) is used to conduct field tests operating on a
circular track. This equipment can be used to evaluate the performance of the pavements in
terms of rut depth. The lab and field equipments used are as shown in the Fig. 1(a) and (b).
Fig.1 (a) Laboratory wheel-tracking test Fig.1 (b) Medium scale accelerated rut tester

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
253
2.3 Test Track Layout and Design
A test track of the flexible pavement was considered to study the performance and life
benefit of stabilization in four combinations as depicted in the pavement lay out shown in
Fig.2. The design of the test track was done to ensure that the stresses reach the subgrade.
FPAVE program was used to determine the stresses reaching the subgrade. Since, the wheel
considered distributes load over a circular area of radius 2.82cm, to ensure that the stresses
reach the subgrade and facilitate the testing of subgrade and surface in combination, a
pavement with 40mm thick bituminous concrete, 75mm of WBM base course and 100 mm of
subbase course was prepared. This pavement system is similar to the full-scale pavements in
terms of stresses reaching the subgrade under full-scale wheel loads.
3. DATA ANALYSIS
The results obtained are plotted with number of wheel load repetitions on x -axis and
rut depth on y-axis as shown in the Fig.3 for laboratory testing and Fig 4 for test track testing
using medium scale pavement rut tester.
Fig.2 Test track Layout
1.2m 1.2m3.6m
Section 4
2m
2m
Arm of the accelerated
testing facility
Section 5 Section 6
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
Subbase + Base
21 & 3 4 & 6 5
Crumb modified bituminous
surface
Gravel subgrade
Conventional Bituminous surface
Fly ash modified bituminous
surface
Lime modified bituminous
surface

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
254
0.00 50000.00 100000.00 150000.00 200000.00 250000.00 300000.00
No. of revolutions
0.00
2000.00
4000.00
Rutdepthin0.01mm
graph Type Model predicted R-square
1 Conventional surface Y = 0.0129763 * X + 69.3329 0.999333
2 Flyash modified surface Y = 0.0106765 * X + -28.1223 0.999591
4 Crumb Modified Surface Y = 0.00789102 * X + 24.6849 0.999647
3 Lime Modified Surface Y = 0.011543 * X + -57.2172 0.999831
1
2
3
4
Fig 3. Figure showing rut life of the bituminous mixes in terms of wheel load repetitions in
lab
0.00 40000.00 80000.00 120000.00 160000.00 200000.00 240000.00
No of repetitions
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
Rutdepthin0.01mm
Graph Type of pavment Equation R-sqr
4 Crumb modified surface log(Y) = 0.588003 * log(X) + 0.725106 0.971563
1 Conventional surface log(Y) = 0.396119 * log(X) + 3.16338 0.996853
2 Flyash modified surface log(Y) = 0.468024 * log(X) + 2.27849 0.979371
3 Lime modified Surface log(Y) = 0.516154 * log(X) + 1.65014 0.986836
1
2 3 4
Fig 4. Figure showing rut life of the bituminous mixes in terms of wheel load repetitions
with MAPRT
4. RESULTS
The plots are interpreted and the results are tabulated in the tables 4 and 5. Table 4
depicts the no of wheel load repetitions sustained by the conventional and filler modified
bituminous concrete materials under the laboratory wheel tracking test on laboratory samples
and under the medium scale accelerated pavement rut tester on the test track. Table 5 presents
the rut life benefit of the filler modified bituminous concrete materials in comparison to the
conventional bituminous concrete material.

6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
255
Table 2 Rut Life of pavement in terms of repetitions of wheel load
S. No
Type of
Bituminous
Surface
No of repetitions at a rut depth of 25.4mm
Wheel tracking test
Medium Scale Accelerated
Pavement Rut Tester
1 Conventional 190000 132000
2 Flyash modified 225000 152027
3 Lime modified 240000 160000
4 Crumb modified 322000 208000
Table 3 Rut Life benefit of pavements with fillers compared to
Conventional pavement
S. No
Type of
Bituminous
Surface
Life Benefit Ratio
Wheel tracking test
Medium Scale Accelerated
Pavement Rut Tester
1 Fly ash modified 18.42% 15.1%
2 Lime modified 26.30% 21.2%
3 Crumb modified 69.47% 57.5%
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset the author would thank the Head, CED and TE division, and other
professors at NIT Warangal for their valuable guidance and encouragement during
experimentation.
6. CONCLUSION
1) 11.8% crumb addition by weight of bitumen through wet process to 80/100 bitumen and
grade II aggregates gave optimum mix design values for bituminous concrete with a
Marshall Stability value or 2405kg and 3.42% Air voids.
2) 2.3% Flyash replacement by weight of aggregate has resulted in optimum mix design
values for bituminous concrete with a Marshall Stability value of 1505kg and 4.5% Air
voids
3) 2.8% Hydraulic lime replacement by weight of aggregate has resulted in optimum mix
design values for bituminous concrete with a Marshall Stability value of 2650kg and
4.05% Air voids
4) Medium Scale Accelerated Pavement Rut Testing represent an ideal case for pavement
testing unlike laboratory wheel tracking tests, where in the pavement moves under a
standard wheel. The laboratory results are conservative than the field results by 50% and
hence laboratory results does not depict the actual rut life when done on individual
samples to evaluate the rut resistance.

7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
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5) The average rut life improvement of crumb modified bituminous surface is 57%
compared to conventional bituminous concrete
6) The average rut life improvement of Lime modified bituminous surface is 21% compared
to conventional bituminous concrete
7) The average rut life improvement of Crumb modified bituminous surface is 57%
compared to conventional bituminous concrete
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