10. ) - -
53.13
partially
nappe
flow
-
)
)
45 -
)
)
36.66 - )
)
53.13
nappe
flow
- - -
45 - -
)
36.66 - )
)
Type2: Transition flow
Transition flow occurred as the discharge increasing greater than those which limit nappe
flow and continue until the onset of skimming flow was considered to have occurred, the recent
works studied by (Pinheiroand Fael[12]),(Amador et al[13]),(Chanson [3]), agree that a transition
flow is developed, until the onset of skimming flow was considered to have occurred (Chanson[14]),
14. )
)
)
)
Skimming flow occurs at moderate to high discharges. No nappe is visible and the spillway
is submerged beneath a strong, relatively smooth current. The water flows down the stepped face as a
coherent stream, skimming over the steps and cushioned by the recirculation fluid trapped by the
momentum transfer to the recirculation fluid.
From Figures.(2 to 10), it can be seen that onset of skimming flow was considered to have
occurred when the air-filled cells trapped beneath the upper main flow and the vertical face of the
step filled with an air–water mesh along the entire length of the spillway. The last criterion fits quite
well with (Chanson [14]). The observations on the physical model built in the laboratory show the
skimming flow for discharges under the limits in the Table (4).
Table 4: Details of type3 of flow and
limitation.
Type 3
Limits of flow
Ns=3 Ns=5 Ns=7
53.13
Skimming
flow
) ) )
45 ) ) )
36.66 ) ) )
IV. RELATIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION RATIOAND DISCHARGE RELATION
The relative energy dissipation ratio of flow over stepped spillway model with different
downstream slope and number of steps, were plotted as a function of discharge as shown in Figures
(11 to 13). From these figures it can be seen the relative energy dissipation decreases by increasing
19. -
. 6
. 7+. 89.425 ……………………………………………………………….... (6)
Reynolds number (Re) which has very large values and hence its effect on (E/E0%) will be
very little, therefore, Re will be neglected in this study then equation (7) can be rewritten as:
#
' $ ,
20. -
. 6
. 7+. 89.425………………………………………………………………..…(7)
Where:
E0= U/S energy (m),
E1=D/S energy (m),
V0= velocity at sec. 0 (m/sec),
V1= velocity at sec.1 (m/sec),
X (cm)
Fig. 19: Piezometric head distribution over vertical face for stepped spillway
model (No.3) with d/s slope (1:0.75) and NS=7
hp=(z+P/)
in (cm)
28. +( K
*
……………………………………….... (8)
With a correlation coefficient = 0.954and percentage standard error=-0.407.
A comparison between(E/E0)%values predicted by equation (8) and observed values
experimentally is shown in Figure (33).
Discharge Q L/sec
Fig. 32: Relation between Relative dissipation and Discharge for
traditional and stepped spillway with d/s slope (=V: H=1:0.75)
Relative dissipation
(E/E0%)