COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME
73
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG
AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPHALT
CONCRETE MIXTURES
Farag Khodary
Civil Engineering Department, Qena Faculty of Engineering,
South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Using aggregate in the field of construction increase rapidly and looking for alternative
source of aggregate assumed to be more important. The objective of this research at first is to study
the effect of using steel slag aggregates in the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures. Secondly
make comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete
mixtures. Slag from industrial waste for the production of iron, which causes serious environmental
problem. The use of steel slag aggregates is means of preserving the environment as well as reduces
the energy needed to search for natural aggregates and prepared for use in mixtures. In this research
have been the adoption percentages of bitumen 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% to find the optimal ratio
of bitumen for asphalt concrete mixtures. The results have been obtained with the optimum bitumen
content (5.02%) for asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone and optimum bitumen content
(5.60%) for asphalt concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate. The Marshall stability of asphalt
concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate is 1.50 higher than mixtures with Crushed limestone
aggregate. From the result it can be seen that using steel slag aggregate is useful for resist rutting and
suitable for pavement in hot climate area.
Keywords: Asphalt Concrete Mixtures, Steel Slag Aggregate, Crushed Limestone, Marshall Mix
Design.
1. INTRODUCTION
Researchers looked for a distinct highway projects with all technical and environmental
requirements. Become one of the environmental problems to get rid of steel slag resulting from the
iron industry. Steel slag resulting from the blast furnace during the extraction of iron Blast furnace
slag, produced in large quantities, this slag containing silica and alumina on a particular origin of
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iron, combined with oxides Calcium and magnesium. Slag out of the oven at a temperature of liquid
1500 °C [1,2]. There are plenty of solutions that have been put forward to solve this problem such as
reuse of materials as an alternative to exploiting natural resources. Steel slag also can be used in the
raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker. The result shows that using steel slag hasn't
negative effect on the properties of the produced cement [3]. Steel slag was used in cement concrete
and the mechanical properties and durability ware evaluated. Durability characteristics of steel slag
cement concretes are better than those of crushed limestone aggregate concrete. Steel slag concrete
has higher Fracture toughness than limestone aggregate concrete. [4,5]. The use of steel slag in
concrete would enhance the strength of concrete, especially tensile strength [6]. On the other hand
steel slag was used in the field of highway construction. Resistance to low temperature cark and
roughness were improving by using steel slag aggregate as compare to basalt aggregate. Mechanical
properties and electrical conductivity for steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures were better than asphalt
concrete limestone mixtures. Steel slag asphalt mixes have extremely high stabilities which directly
affect the pavement performance. High stability means high resistance to deformation [7, 8].
Indirect tensile test as well as single axes test was used to evaluate fatigue characteristic and low
temperature crack for steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures. On the other hand trail section was paved
and the evaluation of the paved section performance was comparable with lab test result [9]. No
significant problems with moisture damage were noted in steel slag asphalt concrete mixtures.
Satisfactory results were obtained by using steel slag aggregate asphalt concrete mixtures compared
with mixtures containing natural aggregates [10, 11]. Steel furnace slag is considered an acceptable
aggregate type for asphalt concrete mixtures to produce asphalt mixtures more resistance to rutting.
The problem in using steel slag in asphalt pavement is the cost. Because of high specific gravity of
steel slag the pavement thickness produced by a ton of steel slag is considerably less than that
produced by any other coarse aggregate type. High rigidity and excellent friction resistance by using
slag steel aggregate in asphalt concrete mixtures were observed for the lab result. These results show
that the use of steel slag in stone matrices asphalt is superior to the common asphalt concrete [12,
13]. Different types of test were used to evaluate the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures.
Marshall Method was used to design and control asphalt concrete mixtures. Marshall method is
acceptable by the highway agencies all over the world [14, 15]. The properties of asphalt concrete
mixtures depend on the properties of the used aggregate. Mineral aggregate constitutes
approximately 95% of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) by weight. Different type of aggregate used to
produce asphalt concrete mixtures such as crushed basalt, crushed dolomite and crushed limestone
[16, 17].
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Asphalt mixtures are a homogeneous mixture of paving materials include bitumen and
aggregate various levels and some additives such as powder and polymer. Bitumen is mixed with
aggregates to form a coherent dense mass when they stick together and this leads to an increase in
the strength of the mixture. Asphalt concrete affected by the characteristics of each of the
components separately or combined. Asphalt mixture gives an important function of these mixtures;
especially its ability to resist various stresses experienced by the result of loads of traffic and changes
of temperature, the mixtures of asphalt required must be of high quality. This is achieved by the
availability of a number of engineering and mechanical properties and the most important properties
are (Stability) and (Flow). The main objective of the design of asphalt mixtures is to obtain a mixture
of aggregates and bitumen to be economically and achieve the required safety within the
specifications. Asphalt mixture should contain a suitable and sufficient proportion of bitumen so that
it has the ability to weather resistant. Finally the workability should be enough to allow the
completion of the pave and compaction efficiently [18- 20].

75
3. MATERIALS
3.1 Aggregate
Aggregate: two types of aggregate were used in this study. Crushed Limestone obtained from
“Qena” quarry, Qena Governorate was used in this study. Steel slag aggregate obtained from Ezz
steel factory in Suez Governorate. A crusher in the lab was used to make the steel slag in the same
size like crushed limestone. Different test were used to evaluate the physical, mechanical and
chemical properties of the used aggregate.
3.1.1 Aggregate tests
Traditional tests of aggregates were done to determine specific gravity, bulk density and Los
Angles Abrasion [21, 22]. A physical and mechanical property of Crushed Limestone and steel slag
aggregate was presented in table (1).
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties Crushed Limestone and steel slag aggregate
Property Crushed Limestone aggregate Steel Slag aggregate
Specific gravity 2.63 3.34
Bulk density ( t/m3) 1.62 1.88
Los Angles Abrasion 36 21
3.1.2 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used in this study to determine chemical
composition of both Crushed Limestone aggregate and Steel Slag aggregate[23, 24]. Table (3),
figure (1) and figure (2) presented the chemical composition Crushed Limestone and steel slag
aggregate. The main two chemical component of Crushed Limestone are SiO2 and CaO with
parentage of 59.0% and 23.0% respectively. On the other hand Steel Slag have higher present from
chloride with parentage of 63.88 % as well as CaO with parentage of 23.37%.
keV
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
CPS
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
Mg
Al
Si
Zr
K
Ca
Ca Ti
Ti Mn
Fe
Mn
Fe
keV
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
CPS
0.0
30.0
60.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
180.0
210.0
240.0
Si
Cl
Cl
Ca
Ca
Mn
Fe
Mn
Fe
Figure 1.X-ray fluorescence test result for Figure 2.X-ray fluorescence test result for
Crushed Limestone Steel Slag

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp.
Table 2.Chemical composition of crushed Limestone and
Crushed Limestone
Element
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
K2O
CaO
TiO2
MnO
Fe2O3
ZrO2
3.1.3 Scan electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope uses electrons with a capacity of (speed) between 100 electron
volts to 300 electron volts. Electron microscopy exploits duality wave
magnetic to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray
of electrons on the sample. In order to portray the point
beam of electrons on the sample by a pair of magnets are perpend
deflection and change the position across the sample without changing the primary angle of
incidence. Scanning electron microscope used to know the exact composition of the surface of cells
and details exploits counterattack and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.
The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three
dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel
have higher voids in the surface and this will affect
higher voids needs higher bitumen content.
Figure 3.Scanning electron microscope test result
for crushed limestone
3.2 Bitumen
The bitumen, which accounted for in the mixture between 3.5% to 5.5% typically, where
these ratios depend on the quality of aggregate and the degree of aggregate absorption. The function
of bitumen in asphalt concrete mixtures is to connect aggregate with
with good mechanical properties. Bitumen is heavily influenced at varying temperatures, rainfall and
snow accumulation. Bitumen is affected by natural oxidation of its components, which increases the
6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME
76
Chemical composition of crushed Limestone and steel slag aggregate
Crushed Limestone Steel Slag aggregate
Wieght % Element
2.7511 SiO2
4.6449 Cl
59.5091 CaO
1.0365 MnO
23.5272 Fe2O3
2.9937
0.3290
5.0159
0.1926
volts to 300 electron volts. Electron microscopy exploits duality wave-particle of the electron
to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray
of electrons on the sample. In order to portray the point-by-point of the sample is being directed
beam of electrons on the sample by a pair of magnets are perpendicular to each other, so can ray
k and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.
The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three
dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel
have higher voids in the surface and this will affect directly on the optimum bitumen content means
higher voids needs higher bitumen content.
Scanning electron microscope test result
for crushed limestone
Figure 4.Scanning electron microscope test result
for Steel Slag
of bitumen in asphalt concrete mixtures is to connect aggregate with each other to become one block
© IAEME
steel slag aggregate
Steel Slag aggregate
Wieght %
1.0015
63.88
23.3760
3.7634
7.9766
particle of the electron
to focus and adjust the ray of the electrons. In this magnetic microscope lenses focused ray
point of the sample is being directed
icular to each other, so can ray
k and scattered electrons as a result of a collision with the sample.
The image is of electrons on the counterattack parts of the body, leading to the formation of a three-
dimensional image resulting from imaging surfaces [25, 26]. From the image the steel slag aggregate
directly on the optimum bitumen content means
electron microscope test result
for Steel Slag
each other to become one block

77
statute of limitations attributed to the age where bitumen bituminous mixture gradually loses its
characteristic viscosity and then bonding agent starts to decrease, which mainly affect the degree of
flexibility of bituminous mixture, performance and service life[27, 28]... In this work bitumen
(60/70) penetration grade obtained from Suez refinery was used. The physical properties of the used
bitumen are presented in table (3).
Table 3.Bitumen Properties
Test Result Specification limit
Penetration (at 25 o
C), 0.1 mm 67 60 - 70
Softening Point, o
C 51 45-55
Specific Gravity 1.04 1-1.1
Flash Point, 260 ≥250
4. MARSHALL MIX DESIGN
Since 1940, asphalt concrete mixtures are designed using the method of Marshall or Hveem
both methods help implementers to know the optimum bitumen content that are used. Asphalt
mixtures used in the paving surface of layer for important highways, whether inside or outside the
cities. The main objective of the mix design is to create an economic mix of materials is included,
and the proportion of asphalt mixture gives the following properties. A) Asphalt ratio sufficient to
enough durability and flexibility in the mixture. B) Sufficient strength to resist the flow requirements
of the traffic. For the development and application of asphalt mixture design concepts in a Marshall
method was formed in 1939 by Bruce Marshall. Design Criteria was adopted by Marshall standard
way by ASTM International under the number (ASTM DISS9). Marshall method used asphalt
paving mixtures using hot asphalt. Marshall method used to design asphalt paving mixtures using
bitumen known with the degree of penetration or viscosity and contain granules maximum aggregate
size (1 inch = 25 mm) or less. Method can be used for the design mixtures in the lab or to control the
mixture of asphalt in the field. Trial number specimens were prepared in laboratory at five different
bitumen contents. Three specimens for were chosen each bitumen content and the average of the test
result was taken.
Table 4.Asphalt concrete mixtures design.
Sieve
size
(mm)
Course
aggregate
Fine
aggregate
Sand Filler
Total
Mix.
Specification (4C)
% P 23% % P 36% % P 36% % P 5% lower Upper
25 100 29 100 32 100 34 100 5 100 100 100
19 90 26.1 100 31 100 34 100 5 96.1 80 100
12.50 35 10.15 100 31 100 34 100 5 80.15 70 90
9.50 3 0.87 88 27.28 100 34 100 5 67.15 60 80
4.75 45 13.95 100 34 100 5 52.95 48 65
2.36 11 3.41 87 29.58 100 5 37.99 35 50
0.60 1 0.31 52 17.68 100 5 22.99 19 30
0.30 30 10.2 100 5 15.2 13 23
0.15 10 3.4 95 4.75 8.15 7 15
0.075 6 2.04 45 2.25 4.29 3 8

78
The specimens are then marked and stored over night for stability and flow measurements.
Before the stability and flow tests were performed the specimens were kept in water bath at 60 oC
for 30 minutes. The optimum bitumen content is selected based on stability, unit weight, and
specified percent air voids in the total mix [29, 31]. Table (4) presented asphalt concrete mixtures
design according Egyptian specification (4C) for mixtures with crushed limestone aggregate and
mixtures with steel slag aggregate.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The volumetric properties and Marshall testing results of the average of triplicate specimens
for all selected asphalt contents are presented in table (5) and table (6). A graphical representation of
Marshall stability, flow, unit weight, air voids (Vv) and voids filled with bitumen (VFB) is presented
in in figure (5) to figure (9) for both asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed lime stone and steel
slag aggregate. The optimum bitumen content was the optimum bitumen content (5.02%) for asphalt
concrete mixtures using crushed limestone and optimum bitumen content (5.60%) for asphalt
concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate.
Table 5.Asphalt concrete mixtures design using Crushed limestone aggregate
Property Bitumen content
4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0%
Stability (Kg) 775 825 850 741 690
Flow 0.01 in 10 12 15 17 19
Unit weight (gm/Cm3) 2.26 2.28 2.35 2.29 2.27
% Air Voids 9.14 6.99 5.56 3.66 3.12
% VFB 54.5 66.7 77.4 85.1 89.0
Table 6.Asphalt concrete mixtures design using Steel Slag Aggregate
Property Bitumen content
4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0%
Stability (Kg) 870 925 1112 1250 1198
Flow 0.01 in 6 8 10 12 13
Unit weight (gm/Cm3) 2.29 2.35 2.39 2.41 2.35
% Air Voids 11.2 9.25 8.14 7.16 6.78
% VFB 58.5 70.1 90.4 95.3 97.1
From figure (5) to figure (9) asphalt concrete mixtures using steel slag aggregate have higher
stability 1.50 times than asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate. On the other
hand marshal flow is higher for asphalt concrete mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate by 30%
than mixtures using steel slag aggregate. But asphalt concrete mixtures with slag steel aggregate
have higher void ratio because the steel slag have more voids in the surface. All result indicates that
steel slag aggregate can be used as asphalt mixtures aggregate with some limitation due to cost.

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp.
Figure 5. Marshall stability (Kg) for crushed
limestone and steel slag mixtures
Figure 7. Unit weight (gm/Cm3) for crushed
Figure 9. % VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures
6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 73-82 © IAEME
79
Marshall stability (Kg) for crushed Figure 6. Marshall Flow 0.01 in for crushed
limestone and steel slag mixtures limestone and steel slag mixtures
Unit weight (gm/Cm3) for crushed Figure 8. % Air Voids for crushed limestone
limestone and steel slag mixtures and steel slag mixtures
% VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures
© IAEME
Marshall Flow 0.01 in for crushed
% Air Voids for crushed limestone
and steel slag mixtures
% VFB for crushed limestone and steel slag mixtures

80
6. CONCLUSION
This study presents and discusses the results of using steel slag aggregate Instead of crushed
limestone aggregate, to evaluate the effectiveness of using steel slag aggregate in highway
construction works. The presented results and discussions reveal the following main conclusions.
Steel slag aggregate have higher density than crushed limestone aggregate this will affect the cost if
we compare the same amount from crushed lime stone aggregate and steel slag aggregate. As
compared to crushed limestone aggregate, steel slag aggregate is suitable when the pavement is near
from the steel factory to reduce the cost of transportation. The flow for asphalt concrete mixtures
with steel slag aggregate is smaller than flow for asphalt concrete mixtures with crushed limestone
this will be good indicator that this mixtures can resist deformation. Marshall stability for asphalt
concrete mixtures with steel slag aggregate is 1.50 higher than stability for asphalt concrete mixtures
with crushed limestone this will be good indicator that this mixtures can resist rutting.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author gratefully acknowledges the support offered by South Valley University in
providing the facilities for the experimental work in this paper.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES

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