Influence of Parameters on Mortar Compressive Strengths

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 71-81 © IAEME
71
INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMETERS OF FORMULATION ON THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF MORTARS WITH ADMIXTURES AND
SUPER-PLASTICIZERS
A. Boudchicha1
and J-L Gallias2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Larbi Ben Mehidi University, 04000 Oum Bouaghi, Algeria,
(LEMPAU Batna)
2
Laboratories of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Materials, 95 031 Cergy Pontoise France
ABSTRACT
The use of mineral admixtures in cementing materials can generate significant modifications
in the properties of mixes at the fresh and hardened states. These modifications depend generally on
the parameters of formulation. To study the influence of the nature and the properties of the
constituents of mortars with admixtures and super-plasticizers on the mechanical strengths, we used
seven admixtures different by their mineralogical natures, fineness, and morphological
characteristics, two types of cements and two types of super-plasticizers. The experimental
methodology used is based on the volume substitution of the cement by admixtures in mixtures with
an absolute volume of the solid phases and consistency preserved constant. The main results
achieved showed that the mechanical strengths of mortars with admixtures are very influenced by the
amount and the properties of admixtures, the nature of cement, but depended rather on the nature of
the super-plasticizer used.
Keywords: Mortars, Concretes, Admixtures, Super-Plasticizers, Compressive Strengths.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of mineral admixtures and super plasticizers in cementing materials can generate
significant modifications on the mechanicals strengths. These modifications depend generally on the
nature and the properties of the used admixtures [1-5] or super-plasticizers [6 and 7] and their
possible interactions with the used cements [8-11]. To study the influence of the parameters of
formulation on the mechanical strengths, we used seven admixtures different by their mineralogical
natures, fineness, and morphological characteristics, two types of cements and two types of super-
plasticizers. This work follows a previous study which considered the influence of these parameters
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 71-81
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72
on the fresh properties of mortars [12] and results from a large investigation on the actions of mineral
admixtures and super-plasticizers on mortars and concretes [13].
The experimental methodology used was based on the progressive volume substitution of
cement by admixtures in mortars of which the absolute volume of the whole constituents are
preserved constant and the workability fixed by using super-plasticizers. Then, the adopted approach
has permitted to keep constant, the granular effect of admixtures, the absolute volume of the solid
constituents of the cement matrix and the compactness of the solid skeleton of mixtures [14 and 15].
To ensure these conditions, the experimental methodology was based on three essential
conditions:
- The introduction of admixtures into the mixture in a volume substitution of cement, to ensure
the maintenance of the absolute volume of the solid constituents of the cement matrix in
different mixtures.
- The Maintaining constant the consistency of the fresh mix, allowing the introduction and
tightening of mortars into the molds in a similar manner.
- The Maintaining constant the quantity of water for all the studied mixes, to ensure the
maintenance of the compactness of the fresh granular skeleton. This was possible by using
super-plasticizers according to NF 934-2 European standard.
Under these conditions, the initial porosity and the volume of the cement matrix of mortars
remain constant in spite of the nature and the intensity of the granular effect of admixtures in the
different mixtures.
2. METHODOLOGIES
The procedures followed for the preparation of mortars, test-cubes, vibrating, storage, and
measurement of the compressive strengths were accomplished in conformity with NF EN 196-1
standardisation. The preparation of mortars was carried out by using a mixer of a capacity of 5000
cm3
. Water and cement with or without admixtures were introduced into the container in the stop
position. The mixer is started at slow speed during sixty seconds, then at fast speed during thirty
seconds; the sand is introduced at the first thirty seconds. After stopping the mixer during ninety
seconds, it is restarted at fast speed for sixty seconds.
The reference workability was evaluated by measuring the spreading of the fresh mortars on a
vibrating table. The fresh mortar was placed in two layers and compacted by using a metal stem, in a
cone with lower diameter of 100 mm, an upper diameter of 70 mm and a height of 60 mm. After the
removal of the cone, the table undergoes 30 jolts in 30 seconds and the value of the considered
spreading, constitutes the average of the measurement of spreading of the mixture on two
perpendicular directions.
For each formulation having acquired the reference workability, we prepared three specimens
40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm. The introduction of the mortars in the moulds was performed in two
layers undergoing a shock table with 60 jolts in 60 seconds per layer. The moulds are then kept in a
humid chamber for 24 hours at a temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 95 %. After
demounting, the mortars specimens are kept immersed in water at a temperature of 20±2°C, until the
day of test.
The compressive strengths were evaluated at 07 and 28 days, using a machine applying
hydraulic compressive loads, up to 150 KN and equipped with a compression device for mortars
specimens. The compressive strength of mortar is considered the average value of the breaking
stresses of three specimens.

73
The experimental procedure required the preparation of 120 formulations. The parameters
characterizing the rheological and mechanical properties of the tested mortars were performed in
laboratory at temperatures of 20 ± 2°C.
To study the influence of the nature and the properties of admixtures on the strengths of
mortars with super-plasticizers, we analyzed the variations of compressive strengths at 07 and 28
days for mortars C1 with super-plasticizer SP1 according to the rate of the cement substitution by the
different admixtures.
To study the influence of the nature of cement on the compressive strengths, we studied these
variations at 07 and 28 days of mortars with cement C2 and the two used super-plasticizers,
according to the rate of the cement substitution by the used admixtures, and we presented in figures
02 and 03, the correlation between the strengths of mortars with the two used cements.
To study the influence of the nature of super-plasticizers on the compressive strengths in
mortars C1 and C2 with admixtures, we studied the variation of compressive strengths at 07 and 28
days for the mortars with super-plasticizer SP2, according to the rate of the cement substitution by
the used admixtures, and we presented in figures 04 and 05, the correlation between the strengths of
mortars with the two used super-plasticizers.
The influence of the fineness of admixtures on the compressive strengths of mortars was
studied for three admixtures of limestone and two admixtures of Pozzolan of different fineness. We
presented in figures 06 and 07 the variation of the compressive strengths at 07 days and 28 days
for mortars with super-plasticizer SP1, according to the Blaine fineness (cm²/g) for various rates of
cement substitution, and for the two cements used.
3. MATERIALS
This study was achieved by using two types of cements used for the manufacturing of
concretes in the east of Algeria. These cements have comparable fineness and C3S content, but are
different in the C3A content. The used sand is a current sand of river. Four admixtures different by
their mineralogical nature and their chemical composition were considered: Limestone (L),
Pozzolan (Pz), blast furnace slag (BFS) and silica fume (SF). To analyse the influence of the fineness
of admixtures on the compressive strengths, we considered three kinds of limestone admixtures and
two kinds of Pozzolan admixtures different by their granularity. Two types of super-plasticizers high
water reducer were used in aqueous form, manufactured and marketed in Algeria. The principal
characteristics of the used materials are given in tables 01 to 04.
Table 1: Physical characteristics of materials used
Material Designation
Specific
gravity
[Kg/m3
]
Specific Surface
Blaine [cm2
/g]
CPJ-CEM II/A 42.5
CPA-CEM I ES 42.5
Limestone 1
Limestone 2
Limestone 3
Pozzolan 1
Pozzolan 2
Blast-furnace slag
Silica fume
C1
C2
L1
L2
L3
Pz1
Pz2
BFS
SF
3100
3150
2700
2700
2700
2650
2650
2800
2240
3200
3020
3300±150
5100±270
8500±180
3500±200
5600±180
2900±120
15*
(*): The smoothness of the silica fume was provided by the BET test and was given in m²/g.

74
Table 2: Chemical composition of materials used
Designation CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO K2O MnO Na2O SO3 LOI
C1
C2
L
Pz
BFS
SF
64.36
63.91
55.5
10,10
43.01
20.00
22.00
21.62
-
44,85
40.80
79.00
5.02
4.49
-
17,20
5.20
-
2.94
5.37
0.03
10,50
0.53
-
2.07
1.66
0.80
3,40
6.40
-
0.47
0.25
-
1,60
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.02
-
0.26
0.08
-
4.05
-
-
1.94
1.92
-
1.50
-
-
0.64
0.81
43.6
4.10
-
1.00
Table 3: Mineralogical composition of the clinker (Bogue)
Minerals (%) C3S C2S C3A C4AF
C1
C2
51.28
52.48
24.68
22.69
8.33
2.82
8.94
16.32
Table 4: Characteristics of the used super-plasticizers
Characteristics Designation Color
Specific
gravity
[Kg/m3
]
pH
Cl-
content
Dry
extract
SIKAFLUID
MEDAPLAST SP 40
SP1
SP2
Dark
Brown
Brown
1.20±0.02
1.20±0.01
7.5±1.5
8.2
< 0.1%
< 1 g/l
40±2 %
40 %
4. TESTS AND RESULTS
4.1 Compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures and super-plasticizers
Variations of compressive strengths at 07 and 28 days for mortar C1 with super-plasticizers
SP1 according to the rate of the cement substitution are represented by figure 1.
Figure 1: Variation of the compressive strengths at 07 and 28 days of mortars C1-SP1, according to
the rate of the cement substitution by admixtures
We can note that the compressive strengths at 07 days and 28 days vary significantly with the
mineralogical nature, granular characteristics (fineness) of the built-in admixtures and the rate of the

75
cement substitution. We also note that the compressive strengths at 07 days of mortar C1-SP1 with
limestone admixtures (L1, L2, and L3), grow at low levels of cement substitution, reach a maximum
in the vicinity of 10% of cement substitution and then begin to decline with the rate of the cement
substitution by admixtures. For mortars C1-SP1 with (PZ1), (Pz2), (BFS) and (SF) admixtures, the
compressive strengths at 07 days decrease directly without any amelioration. This decrease is
proportional to the rate of cement substitution by the admixtures and it is more pronounced for
mortars with (PZ2) admixtures.
Improving of compressive strengths at 07 days reaching levels of 02, 05 and 12% for mortars
with (L1), (L2) and (L3) admixtures, respectively, do not occur for compressive strengths at 28 days,
which fall directly without any improvement and fall below 90% of the compressive strength of the
reference mortar at 10% of the rate of cement substitution by admixtures. For mortars C1-
SP1 with (Pz) admixtures, compressive strengths at 28 days are decreasing, with better behavior than
at 07 days. For mortars with (BFS) and (SF) admixtures, the compressive strengths increase and
reach an evolution of 07% and 16% respectively at 20% of the rate of cement substitution by
admixtures, and still greater than the compressive strength of the reference mortar up to 30% of the
rate of cement substitution for (SF) admixture.
We can therefore conclude that the action of limestone admixtures on cement is limited
mainly to accelerate the process of hydration at early ages for low rates of the cement substitution by
admixtures [9]. This acceleration is more or less equivalent for all these limestone admixtures,
being more pronounced for admixtures of great fineness.
Mortars with Pozzolan admixtures present better behavior with cement C2, due probably to the
chemical composition of this cement. The compressive strengths are better maintained at 28 days due
to the Pozzolanic effects [4 and 5].
The presence of (BFS) admixture in mortars with low rates of the cement substitution (<20%)
maintains the compressive strength at 07 days and provides interesting strength evolution at 28 days.
Gain strength in mortars with (BFS) admixture is probably due to latent hydraulic properties of slag,
classified by the European standard 206-1 as admixture of Type II [2].
The use of combined silica fume with SP1 in mortars C1 has limited the fall in compressive
strength at 07 days and procured gains of strengths by 16% for mortars C1-SP1 at 20% of the rate of
cement substitution. This behavior is explained by the fact that the ultra-fine grains of silica fume
penetrate between the cement hydrates and prevent them from developing at early stages of
hydration [12]. The development of Pozzolanic action of silica fume that is classified by the
European standard 206-1 as admixture of type II, improves significantly the strengths against of the
reference mortar especially after that the adverse granular effect could be controlled by the use of
super-plasticizers [1 and 13].
The contribution of mineral admixtures to improve the compressive strengths at 07 and 28
days is confirmed by several authors. The improving behavior of mortars with admixtures and super-
plasticizers is mainly due to the capacity of some ultrafine admixtures to fulfill the inter-particles
pores of the cementing material [1,4,5,12-14] or to the control of the adverse granular effect for some
admixtures by using super-plasticizers [6,12-14] or by the improvement of the hydration process for
others [1-3,7,8-10,11,14-16].
4.2 Influence of the nature of cement on the compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures
and super-plasticizers
We can see in figure 02 that the majority of the experimental points of compressive
strengths at 07 days is tangent to the bisector axis in the side of the strengths of mortars C1, which
confirms that the compressive strengths of mortars with the used admixtures at 07 days are close for
both used cements, being generally slightly higher for mortars C1.

76
Figure 2: Correlation (C1/C2), of the compressive strengths at 07 days in mortars with super-
plasticizers SP1 and SP2
Figure 3: Correlation (C1/C2), of the compressive strengths at 28 days in mortars with super-
plasticizers SP1 and SP2
The majority of the experimental points of the compressive strengths at 28 days (figure 3),
are placed at the left of the bisector axis, in the side of the mortar C2, confirming that the
compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures at 28 days are generally greater for mortars C2
with the two used super-plasticizers. The deviation from the bisector axis is more important for the
low rates of cement substitution by admixtures, but tends to be reduced for the high rates. The
experimental points of mortars with Pz2 (50%), La (40% and 50%) are visible at the right of the
bisector axis, and deviate from the comments advanced before, in the case of the use of super-
plasticizers SP2.
We can than deduce that the nature of the cement used influence the compressive strengths of
mortars with admixtures and super-plasticizers. This influence is most visible at 28 days than at 07
days, for the two cements used, but it is also more or less influenced by the nature and amount of
admixtures in the mixture. This is because these cements have comparable fineness and C3S contents
and then, the nature and the properties of the used admixtures become the most important factor of
influence [8, 9, 13, 14].

77
4.3. Influence of the nature of super-plasticizers on the compressive strengths
We note in figures 04 and 05 that the majority of the experimental points of the compressive
strengths at 07 days and 28 days are placed at the right of the bisector axis in the side of the strengths
of mortars with admixtures and super-plasticizers SP1. This shows that the compressive strength at
07 days and 28 days of mortar C1- SP1 and C2-SP1 with admixtures are generally greater than those
of mortars C1- SP2 and C2-SP2 with admixtures, confirming a better efficiency of the super-
plasticizers SP1 on the compressive strengths.
The influence of the nature of super-plasticizers on the compressive strengths has been
highlighted by several studies [6-7], and the efficiency of the used super-plasticizers is more visible
at 28 days. But this efficiency is more or less important because of the inter-actions between the
cements and the super-plasticizers used [10-11].
It is also important to note that some super-plasticizers, beyond their physical effect changing
the inter-particle forces, may be involved in the chemical processes of hydration and in particular the
nucleation and crystal growth [7]. A more uniform distribution of cement could also contribute to the
increase in strength because the hydration process is improved.
Figure: 4 Correlation (SP2/SP1), for the compressive strengths at 07 days of mortars C1 and C2
with admixtures
Figure 5: Correlation (SP2/SP1), for the compressive strengths at 28 days of mortars C1 and C2
with admixtures

78
4.4 Influence of the fineness of admixtures on the compressive strengths
We can see in figure 6 that at 07 days the behavior of the compressive strengths of mortars
C1 and C2 with limestone admixtures is regular and greater fineness increased the strengths by
improving the hydration process. For the Pozzolans admixtures, greater fineness results in a
reduction of strengths at youth ages. This behavior of mortars with (Pz) admixtures is probably do
because the coarse grains of Pozzolan are better able to fill the pores of the granular skeleton and
improve the compactness of the cured material. For closer fineness, the compressive strength at 07
days was greater for mortars with limestone admixtures than for mortars with (Pz) admixtures;
whatever the nature of the cement used in the mixture and this is especially true as the fineness of the
admixture is great. This confirms the role of the limestone admixture in accelerating the process of
cement hydration in youth ages and it is more important than the fineness is great.
Figure 6: Variation of the compressive strengths at 07 days according to the Blaine fineness in
mortars C1 and C2 with super-plasticizers SP1
Figure: 7 Variation of the compressive strengths at 28 days according to the Blaine fineness in
mortars C1 and C2 with super-plasticizers SP1
At 28 days (figure 7), the behavior of the compressive strengths at 28 days according to the
Blaine fineness for mortars with limestone and Pozzolan is similar. The variation of the compressive
strength at 28 days is strongly influenced by the fineness of the admixture and the rate of the cement
substitution by the admixture.

79
For both the two admixtures, the compressive strengths of mortar at 28 days are even more
important than the fineness of the particles is great. The behavior of mortars with limestone
admixtures is probably due to the control of the adverse granular effect of the finest admixtures by
the use of the super-plasticizers, despite the disappearance of the chemical effect showed at youth
ages. The behavior of mortars with (Pz) admixtures is due to the Pozzolanic effect of these
admixtures with finer particles, and the control of the adverse granular effects through the use of SP.
For closer fineness, the compressive strength at 28 days was greater for mortars with
Pozzolan admixtures than for mortars with limestone admixtures; whatever the nature of the cement
used in the mixture and this is especially true as the fineness of the admixture and the rate of the
cement substitution by the admixtures are important. This confirms the disappearance of the
chemical effect of limestone admixtures at 28 days and the declaration of the Pozzolanic effect of
pozzolans especially when the fineness is great.
We can therefore conclude that the compressive strengths at 07 days and 28 days for mortars
with admixtures depend largely on the fineness of admixtures. This influence depends on the nature
and the amount of admixture in the mixture as a substitute of cement, but is little influenced by the
nature of cement. For the Pozzolan admixtures, greater fineness of the particles causes a decrease in
compressive strength at 07 days and an increase at 28 days, for both cements used. These variations
are more important than the substitution rate of cements is great. For limestone admixtures, greater
fineness of the particles leads to an increase in compressive strength at 07 days and 28 days for both
the cement used. These variations are of the same nature for all the rates of the cement substitution
by the admixture.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the variation of the compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures and
super-plasticizers, according to the parameters of formulation of mortars has led to:
The action of limestone admixtures on cement is limited mainly to accelerate the process of
hydration at early ages at low rates of the cement substitution by admixtures.
The action of (Pz) admixtures on cement is limited on the strengths at 28 days and with
cement C2 only, due probably to the chemical composition of this cement and to the
Pozzolanic effects that declare later.
The presence of (BFS) admixture in mortars with low rates of the cement substitution (<20%)
maintains the compressive strengths at 07 days and provides interesting strength evolution at
28 days.
The use of combined silica fume with super-plasticizers in mortars C1 has limited the fall in
compressive strength at 07 days and procured gains of strengths at 28 days, until 20% of the
rate of cement substitution.
The nature of the cement can influence the compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures
and super-plasticizers. This influence is most visible at 28 days than at 07 days, but it is also
more or less influenced by the nature and amount of admixtures in the mixture.
The compressive strengths of mortars with admixtures and super-plasticizers SP1 are
generally greater than those with SP2, confirming a better efficiency of the super-plasticizers
SP1 on the compressive strengths for the used cements.
The compressive strengths for mortars with admixtures depend largely on the fineness of the
incorporated admixtures. This influence depends on the nature and the amount of admixture
in the mixture as a substitute of cement, but is little influenced by the nature of cement.

80
For Pozzolan admixtures, greater fineness of the particles causes a decrease in compressive
strengths at 07 days and an increase in compressive strength at 28 days, for both cements
used. These variations are more important than the substitution rate of cements is great.
For limestone admixtures, greater fineness of the particles leads to an increase in compressive
strengths at 07 days and 28 days for both cements used. These variations are of the same
nature for all the rates of the cement substitution by the admixture.
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