photography, forensic photography and its explanation

SCHOOL OF APPLIEDSCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF Criminology & FORENSICSCIENCE
SUBMITTEDBY-
HemantVeerJain& Annanya saraf
EnrolmentNo. : - Y19242508&Y19242505
M.SCFORENSICSCIENCE1ST SEM
SUBMITTEDTO–
Dr. NAVJOT KAUR KANWAL
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR

Contents :-
PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSICPHOTOGRAPHY
Why to take photos
History
Camera
Press camera
Snapshot, 110 format cameras
Snapshot, 35mmformat cameras
Twin-lens reflex
Single lens reflex, 35mm
Lens
Shutter

 Depth of field
Films
electronic flash
automatic winder/motor drive
Tripod
Lens Filters
Aerial photography
Digital photography
Use of technique and tool
Use of equipments
Steps for taking proper crime scene
photograph
Points of objection

Photography is the science, art and
practice of creating durable
images by recording light or other
electromagnetic radiation, either
electronically by means of an image
sensor, or chemically by means of
a light-sensitive material such as
photographic film.
PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography is derived from the Greek
photos for “light” and –graphos for
“write”. It is the art , science, and
practice of reading durable images by
recording light or other electromagnetic
radiation, either chemically by means of
a light sensitive material such as
photographic film, or electronically by
means of an image sensor.
PHOTOGRAPHY….continue

• It is also called to as forensic imaging or
crime scene photography, is the art of
producing an accurate reproduction of a
crime scene or an accident scene using
photography for the benefit of a court or to
aid in an investigation.
• It is part of the process of evidence
collecting
• It provides investigators with photos of
victims, places and items involved in the crime
• Involves choosing correct lighting, accurate
angling of lenses, and a collection of different
viewpoints
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY..
continue

Why To take photos
Still photography is one of four
accepted principal means of providing
courtroom with visual evidence of
what took place or existed at crime
scene
Photos complement and support one
another in the preservation of
evidence

 Assist in mental reconstruction of
the structure
 Clarify and aid interviews
 Identify witnesses
 prove suspects presence at scene
 Documentation of pre-fire condition
of structure
 Prove in court case, are used by
investigators, prosecutor, defence
attorneys, witnesses and other
Why To take photos… continue

History
 When a photograph of a forged
document was presented and allowed
as courtroom evidence in 1851
 The first use of forensic photography
was in the nineteenth century by
Alphonse Bertillon. This makes him the
first forensic photographer
 Photographing Criminals and
Suspects was widespread until the
latter part of the 19th century

The process of having one’s picture
taken and archived was limited as like
the number of photographer
 As the number of criminals climbed,
so did the number of photographs
The earliest evidence of these galleries
(called, “Rogues Galleries”) was found
in Birmingham, England in the 1850s
 Shortly after this were initial
attempts at standardizing the
photographs
History … continue

Photography
Instruments Medium
MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF
photography

The camera no matter which type,
is used to co11ect the reflected light
images and record them on 1ight-
sensitive film. The camera must be
Lightproof except for the controlled
light that is allowed to strike the
light sensitive surface (film plane)
of the film. The light enters the
camera through an opening and
collects the reflected light images to
be recorded in focus on the film..
Camera

Different type of camera
Press camera
Snapshot, 110 format cameras
Snapshot, 35mm format cameras
Twin-lens reflex
Single lens reflex, 35mm

Press camera
A press camera is a medium or large
format view camera that was
predominantly used by press
photographers in the early to mid-20th
century. It was largely replaced for press
photography by 35mm film cameras in
the 1960s, and subsequently, by digital
cameras. The quintessential press camera
was the Speed Graphic. Press cameras are
still used as portable and rugged view
cameras.

Snapshot, 110 format cameras
 For the unrelated roll-film format
produced from 1898 to 1929
 110 is a cartridge-based film
format used in still photography. It
was introduced by Kodak in 1972.
110 is essentially a miniaturised
version of Kodak's earlier 126 film
format. Each frame is 13 mm × 17
mm (0.51 in × 0.67 in), with one
registration hole

Snapshot, 35mm format cameras
The 35 mm format, or simply
35 mm, is the common name
for the 36×24 mm film format
or image sensor format used in
photography. It has an aspect
ratio of 3:2, and a diagonal
measurement of approximately
43 mm.

Twin-lens reflex
A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is
a type of camera with two objective
lenses of the same focal length. One
of the lenses is the photographic
objective or "taking lens" (the lens
that takes the picture), while the
other is used for the viewfinder
system, which is usually viewed
from above at waist level.

Single lens reflex, 35mm
A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a
camera that typically uses a mirror and
prism system (hence "reflex" from the
mirror's reflection) that permits the
photographer to view through the lens
and see exactly what will be captured.
When the shutter button is pressed on
most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the
light path, allowing light to pass through
to the light receptor and the image to be
captured.

Lens
The lens is made up of several
individual lenses which in essence
from a compound lens. Located
between the front and rear lenses
is the aperture opening. adjusting
the aperture controls the amount
of light entering the camera to be
recorded the film.

The aperture setting
(lens opening) is
referred to as f-stop
or f-number. This f-
number is calibrated
to the size of the lens
opening, f-2 is the
largest opening and
f-22 is the smallest
opening one stop.
Lens… continue

Primary lens categories and their
focal lengths.
Lens Type
Focal
Length Best Use
Wide Angle
28mm or
lower
Landscapes
and interiors
Standard 35-85 mm Portraits
Telephoto
100mm-
300mm
Portraits and
sports
Super-
Telephoto
300 mm or
higher
wildlife and
sports

 Wide Angle Lenses are ideal
for landscape photographers
that want to capture all the
scenery in front of them. These
lenses can capture virtually
everything that your eyes see in
front of you from the ground at
your feet to the mountains and
in the distance
Wide angle lenses

They are also
good for someone
who photographs
indoors
 They are not
good for portraits
because they
distort
Wide angle lenses.. continue

Good for a wide range of
photographic needs but excel at
portraits
 Lenses in the 50 mm to 75 mm
range create natural looking
portraits without facial
distortions
Standard Lens

Work well with portraits but
also cause some distortion, the
longer the focal length of the
lens, the more it compresses the
visual space. Can’t tell the
distance between objects.
Good at getting close up views
of objects that are far away.
Good for sports and wildlife.
Telephoto Lens

 Exclusively the domain of
professional photographers.
These lenses are very
expensive.
They are used by wildlife
photographers where getting
close up to the subject is not
possible.
Also used for professional
sporting events.
Super Telephoto Lens

Films
 To complete a photographic
documentation, we need a light-
sensitive medium called films to
record our “writing with light”
 Film is produced in many
ranges and varieties for a
multitude of uses. The variety of
films, their speeds.
 The film speed is a measure of
its sensitivity to light

 Film was rated by a
standardize number, its (ASA)
and (DIN)
The faster the film, the
heigher the ASA /DIN.
 In 1979 , these rating were
replaced by the international
standard organization (ISO)
number
Films… continue

FILMS
BLACK
AND WHITE
FILMS
COLOR
FILMS

BLACK AND WHITE FILMS
THESE ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR
TYPES:-
 SLOW FILM
 MEDIUM FILM
 FAST FILM
 SUPER FAST FILM

COLOR FILMS
THESE ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 TYPES :-
 COLOR NAGATIVE
 COLOR REVERSAL ( SLIDE FILM)

electronic flash
An electronic flash, also known as a
strobe, is a convenient source of
very bright artificial light that can
be attached to, or even built into, a
camera. In conventional cameras
and mainstream photography, the
electronic flash is based on a xenon
gas-filled glass tube, which emits a
very brief but very bright flash of
light when a high voltage is passed
through it.

Tripod
A tripod is a portable three-legged
frame or stand, used as a platform for
supporting the weight and maintaining
the stability of some other object. A
tripod provides stability against
downward forces and horizontal forces
and movements about horizontal axes.
The positioning of the three legs away
from the vertical centre allows the
tripod better leverage for resisting
lateral forces.

Lens Filters
 Can enhance colours, add special
effects and reduce reflections
Can protect lenses for capturing
scenery in extremely difficult lighting
conditions
Are often necessary to modify the
light before it enters the lens
At the same time, lens filters can
actually hurt photographs if they are
not properly used

filters generally come in two
varieties:
1.Front filters :– (more flexible)
It can be used on virtually any lens
diameter; may also be more inefficient
to use since they may need to be held
in front of the lens. On the other hand,
filter holder kits are available that can
improve this process.

2. Screw-on filters –
 It can provide an airtight seal
when needed for protection, and
cannot accidentally move relative to
the lens during composure.
Disadvantage: a given screw-on
filter will only work with a specific
lens size
 Expressed in terms of its
diameter, which corresponds to the
diameter usually listed on the top or
front of your camera lens

Listed in
millimetres
and usually
ranges
from about
46 to 82
mm for
digital SLR
cameras
Screw-on filters..continue

Types
1. Circular screw-on filters
• Most common
• Mounts directly on the lens filter
thread
• E.G. UV/clear/haze filters, circular
polarisers, neutral density and
colour filters

2. Square filters
• A popular choice for landscape and
other photography
• A filter holder directly attaches to the
lens filter thread and can hold one or
more filters
• The most popular sizes are 3×3 and
4×4
• Can be stacked together in certain
situations, which can negatively impact
image quality and add reflections

3. Rectangular filters
• Another popular choice, primarily
among landscape photographers
• Mounted just like square filters via a
filter holder system
• Unlike square filters, they have more
room to move up and down
• The most popular size is 4×6, although
larger and smaller filter sizes are also
available

4. Drop-in filters
• These filters are used inside long
telephoto lenses, due to the large size
of the front lens element
• Only clear and polarizing filters are
used for drop-in filters

• Filters change the dynamics of the
light entering the lens and usually
require you to alter your exposure
to compensate for this fact which is
called filter factor.
• Each filter has a specific filter
factor.
Filter Factor

1. UV filter.
2. Polarizing filter.
3. Colour Balancing filter.
4. Neutral Density filter.
5. Soft Focus filter.
6. Filters for B&W Photography.
Red filters.
Orange filter
Yellow filter
Green filter
blue filter
Filter factor

Shutter
Another, equally important, part of the
camera for the control of light entering is
the shutter. The purpose of the shutter is to
control the amount of time the light is
allowed to focus on the film. the shutter is
generally activated by depressing a shutter
release button. again, like the aperture/f-
stop setting, the speed of the shutter may be
fixed or adjustable. usually the less
expensive instamatic and instant print
camera have shutter speed preset by the
manufacture.

automatic winder/motor drive
A motor drive, in the field of photography, is
a powered film transport mechanism.
Historically, film loading, advancing, and
rewinding were all manually driven
functions. The desires of professional
photographers for more efficient shooting,
particularly in sports and wildlife
photography, and the desires of amateur and
novice photographers for easier to use
cameras both drove the development of
automatic film transport.

The correct combination is shutter
speed and aperture opening (f-stop)
also influences that portion of your
photographic documentation that is
in focus. The area of your
photograph from the foreground to
background which appears in
sharpest focus is the depth of field,
which is important when composing
your photograph.
Depth of field

FOCAL LENGTH:-
Minimum distance between centre of the lens
and the film, different lens are present in
market.
 wide angle lens- 8mm
 telephoto – 600mm
In forensic wide angle lens used as 28mm.
If we focus of depth of field , there is a rule
that we have to follow :-
Thumb rule = 1. background focus 2/3
2. foreground focus 1/3

We want maximum depth of field
that’s depends on three factors
which are :-
 shorter focal length lens.
 smaller aperture opening (f-
stop).
 greater distance to the point of
focus.
FOCAL LENGTH … continue

Types of
photography
shot.
overview Mid range Close up
Types of photography shot

Types of photography shot..
continue
OVERVIEW
shows a broad
view of the
surroundings
around the
character and
coveys scale,
distance, and
geographic
location.

continue
MID RANGE
Medium
shot shows a
character's
upper-body,
arms, and head.

continue
CLOSE UP
Close-up
shot shows a
character's face
and shoulders. It is
close enough to
show subtle facial
expressions
clearly.

Aerial photography (or airborne
imagery) is the taking of photographs
from an aircraft or other flying
object. Platforms for aerial
photography include fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"),
balloons, blimps and dirigibles,
rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes,
stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-
mounted poles.
Aerial photography

Digital photography
Digital photography uses cameras
containing arrays of electronic photo
detectors to capture images focused
by a lens, as opposed to an exposure
on photographic film. The captured
images are digitized and stored as a
computer file ready for further
digital processing, viewing, electronic
publishing, or digital printing.

Use of technique and tool IN
FORENSICPHOTOGRAPHY
 Photographs taken at the scene of a
crime are the only permanent record
of the evidence found there
Crime or accident scene
photographers usually capture images
in colour but also in black and white
Crime scene photographers, then,
must be skilled in quickly identifying
key pieces of evidence, no matter how
small or seemingly unrelated to the
crime

 Photographs from the crime scene
can also be used in direct comparison
situations
When the scene is no longer intact,
the photographs must provide ample
information to help solve the crime
Need knowledge of criminal
investigation principles and
procedures
Use of technique and tool…
continue

Can be used to compare fingerprint and
shoeprints photographed
Colour pictures are generally preferred because
colour is an important aspect of the trace evidence
Various forces and different countries have
different policies in regards to 35 mm film or
digital photography
Conventional film photographs have a high
resolution used for closer examination
Pictures of the relative position of objects (as in
a Palimpsest) can establish a sequence of events at
a crime
continue

 Photographs also to provide a tangible image for the court
to better enable them to understand what happened
The use of several views taken from different angles helps to
minimize the problem of parallax
Context images show evidence in context, like how the
knife/Gun was on the spot
Close up images show fine detail of an artefact, such as a
bloody fingerprint on the knife.
Road traffic incident (RTI) photographs show the overall
layout at the scene taken from many different angles, with
close-ups of significant damage, or trace evidence.
Crime or accident scene photographs can often be re-
analyzed in cold cases.
continue

Close up images show fine detail of
an artefact, such as a bloody
fingerprint on the knife
Road traffic incident (RTI)
photographs show the overall layout
at the scene taken from many
different angles, with close-ups of
significant damage, or trace evidence
Crime or accident scene
photographs can often be re-analyzed
in cold cases
continue

Points of objection:-
 accuracy of colour
 alteration of negative prints
 computer generated
 enlargements
 errors in painting
 equipments

 inflammatory photographs
Lightning
 marking
Misleading
 optical illusion
 scale of reference
 sight perspective
 time frame

References:-
 DAVID R. RED SICKER (2007)THE PRACTICAL
METHODOLOGY OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY -
CRC PRESS, (WASHINTON D.C.) Edition second
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography
Retrieved on 13/10/2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography
Retrieved on 13/10/2019
https://www.slideshare.net/rahul2800/various-filters-in-
photography-1 (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
https://www.slideshare.net/hyoscyamus/lens-power-
point-presentation (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)

https://www.whatdigitalcamera.com/technology_gui
des/electronic-flash-work-60484(Retrieved on
13/10/2019)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-
lens_reflex_camera (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
https://spexforensics.com/applications/photography
-using-an-alternate-light-source(Retrieved on
13/10/2019)
https://www.slideshare.net/dlamptey/forensic-
photography (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
https://www.slideshare.net/ShaTarraNHarris/forens
ic-photography-77215040 (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
References:-

https://www.slideshare.net/HasibN/crime-
scene-photography (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
https://www.slideshare.net/MichaelSparks4/cri
me-scene-photography-portfolio-final-results-
48125827 (Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/photo/
(Retrieved on 13/10/2019)
References:-

photography, forensic photography and its explanation

photography, forensic photography and its explanation

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