1. Antonio Ruiz Fernández 1ºA de
Bachillerato

2. The cosmology is the study of structure
and history of Universe.
The Universe is the sum of all that exist,
this included the time, the space, the
matter, the energy, etc.
The Universe has an approximated age of
thirteen billion years.

3.  The Geocentric Model. Aristotle established
that Earth is motionless an that it is located in
the center of the universe. The sun, moon
and planets revolve in perfect circles arounth
the Earth.
 The Heliocentric Model. It was proposed by
Copernicus. The sun is motionless, it is
located in the center of the Universe and the
Earth and planets revolve around it.

4. Hubble and his collaborators found this
galaxy in 1997 using the great Hooker
Telescope in California.
It wasn´t formed just by our galaxy, but it
was much more expensive and consisted
of millions of galaxies like ours.

5.  The Universe was very hot, it was formed by a
plasma of protons and electrons particles. Ligth
interacted with this plasma. Nuclear reactions were
produced and atomic nuclei were formed. This
phenom is called primary nucleosynthesis.
 Universe gases: 25% helium and 74% hydrogen.
 As the atomic nuclei were formed ligth didn´t
interact with them, so the gases were transparent.
The expansion continued and the atoms were
grouped and they formed galaxies.
 Big bang was a explosion in wich surged the
universe.

7.  El Universo esta en expansión debida a la gran
explosión (big bang).En el la única fuerza que
actúa a gran escala es la gravedad que hace que
las galaxias se atraigan unas a otras y por tanto se
opone a la expansión que en consecuencia
debería ser más lenta.
 Si la densidad del universo es grande, la gravedad
sería muy intensa y podría llegar a frenar la
expansión y a unir el universo en un punto que
volvería a estallar dando lugar a un nuevo
universo en espansión. Universo Oscilante.

8.  Si la densidad del universo no es suficiente
para que la gravedad frene la expansión el
universo se extenderá para siempre. El
estudio de la densidad de la materia brillante
(la que vemos) y la masa dinámica o materia
oscura (la que no vemos) apunta a que el
universo se expandirá eternamente y nunca
se detendrá, ya que la densidad solo llega al
30% de la densidad crítica que se necesita
para frenar la expansión.

9. El universo en el pasado se expandía de
forma más lenta que en el pasado, por lo
que el universo se encuentra acelerado
por una fuerza que desconocemos y que
es de carácter repulsivo que en las
grandes distancias actúa con mayor
intensidad que la gravedad.

10.  Galaxies are a groups of stars, gas and dust. There
are a different types:
 -Spiral Galaxies.
 -Elliptical Galaxies.
 -Irregular Galaxies.
 The galaxies are grouped to form even larger
structures, called cumulus. In the cumulus the elliptical
galaxies are in the center an the spiral and the
irregular galaxies are located around.
 Galaxies: The Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and
the galaxy M33.

12. Nebulae are a giant clouds of gas and dust
with different shapes. Novae and
supernovae are examples of nebulae.
They are the result of a big explosions.

14. Quasars are a stellar objects that emit a
large amount of energy as radio waves. Its
believed that they are nuclei of galaxies in
formation.

15. Black holes are objects in wich the ligth
can´t escape because of their enormous
gravitational attraction.

18. The stars are huge spheres of hydrogen
and helium gas. They are formed in a
nebulae and like live being, tehy get old
and die when they have out of combustible
after thousands of millions of years.
The starts emit energy due to nuclear
reactions that are produced inside .
Nuclear fusion.

19.  Protostars. The contraction of the nebula due
to gravitional attraction produce the formation
of thousands of stellar-mass fragments,
called protostars. The protostars are formed
mainly by hydrogen.
 Young Star. Gradually the hydrogen will
become into helium trougth nuclear fusion.
Then the protostar will become a star.
Nuclear reactions take place mainly in the
center of the star.

20.  Red giant star. Throughout its life, the star
has produced energy by converting hydrogen
into helium, so that the structure of the stars
changes. The core is new formed by helium
and nuclear reactions dont´t occur in it any
more. The star becomes bigger, the outer
layers cool down and the star gets red. It has
become a red giant star. When the sun
becomes a red giant stars, it engulf Mercury
and Venus. The earth will be melted.

21.  When the hydrogen is consumed, the star
contracts and reduces its size enourmusly to
form a white dwarfs stars. It will form a black
dwarf star when cool off.
 Not all the stars end its life as red giant star.
The core where the helium is converted into
oxygen and carbon and the outher layer
where the hydrogen is converted into helium.
The percentage of energy productions is very
large.

23.  Los sistemas planetarios están formados por
grupos de planetas, satélites y otros objetos como
cometas y asteroides que giran alrededor de una
estrella.
 Cuando una gigante roja explosiona puede dar
lugar a la formación de nuevas estrellas y
planetas.
 Nuestro Sistema solar tiene 8 planetas 4 interiores
rocosos (Mercurio , Venus , Tierra y Marte) y 4
exteriores gaseosos (Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y
Neptuno).
 Además existen satélites, asteroides, cometas y
meteoritos.