2. Outline
Université
de Toulouse
Context
Outline Theory
Context Polarization Characteristics
Theory
Stokes Parameters
Data Sets
Dual-Pol SAR
Results
Degree of Polarization
Con.
Data Sets
Experimental Results
Buoys
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
Conclusion
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3. Context
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
Context Maritime Monitoring:
Theory Ships, oil-rigs, and buoys
Data Sets Oil spills
Results Icebergs
Con. [commercial fishery, ship pollution monitoring,
public safety, disaster management, etc.]
with improved
Area coverage
Robustness
Processing time
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4. Context
Université
de Toulouse
[http://exactearth.com, http://noaa.gov]
Ship Detection
Outline
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Con.
Traffic control
Fisheries
Ship pollution
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Reza Shirvany et al., IGARSS 2011 Ship Detection based on the DoP in Hybrid/Compact and Linear Dual-pol SAR 4/22
5. Context
Université
de Toulouse [See http://noaa.gov]
Oil/Gas Platform Surveillance
Outline
Gulf of Mexico, ∼4,000 oil and gas platforms (2006)
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Con.
Wide-area platform change detection (existence/position) after tropical events
Oil spill detection after tropical events or ship accidents
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Reza Shirvany et al., IGARSS 2011 Ship Detection based on the DoP in Hybrid/Compact and Linear Dual-pol SAR 5/22
6. Context
Université
de Toulouse [See http://noaa.gov]
Oil/Gas Platform Surveillance
Outline
Gulf of Mexico, ∼4,000 oil and gas platforms (2006)
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Con.
idea: Scatterers have different polarization behaviors
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7. Polarization Characteristics
Université
de Toulouse
The Jones vector
T
E = (EH , EV )
Outline
Context
EH and EV : orthogonal components of the electric field of the wave
Theory
Pol. [Wiener, 1930; Wolf, 1959]
The covariance matrix
Stokes
Dual-Pol
DoP
Γ = E EE †
Data Sets
E [·]: the expectation operator †: the conjugate transpose
Results
Con.
The degree of polarization (DoP) [Wolf, 1959]
1
2
|Γ|
P= 1−4 2
[tr (Γ)]
P = 0: totally depolarized wave P = 1: totally polarized wave
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8. Stokes Parameters
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
˙
g1 = |EH |2 + |EV |2
Context ˙
g2 = |EH |2 − |EV |2 ← Stokes parameters ←
∗
Theory ˙
g3 = 2 EH EV [Stokes, 1852]
∗
Pol. ˙
g4 = 2 EH EV
Stokes
: real part, : imaginary part
Dual-Pol
DoP
Data Sets
Results
Con.
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Reza Shirvany et al., IGARSS 2011 Ship Detection based on the DoP in Hybrid/Compact and Linear Dual-pol SAR 7/22
9. Stokes Parameters
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
˙
g1 = |EH |2 + |EV |2
Context ˙
g2 = |EH |2 − |EV |2 ← Stokes parameters ←
∗
Theory ˙
g3 = 2 EH EV [Stokes, 1852]
∗
Pol. ˙
g4 = 2 EH EV
Stokes
: real part, : imaginary part
Dual-Pol
DoP Speckle noise:
Data Sets Grainy structure which degrades the image
Results quality
Can be reduced by multi-look processing
Con.
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10. Stokes Parameters
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
˙
g1 = |EH |2 + |EV |2
Context ˙
g2 = |EH |2 − |EV |2 ← Stokes parameters ←
∗
Theory ˙
g3 = 2 EH EV [Stokes, 1852]
∗
Pol. ˙
g4 = 2 EH EV
Stokes
: real part, : imaginary part
Dual-Pol
DoP Speckle noise:
Data Sets Grainy structure which degrades the image
Results quality
Can be reduced by multi-look processing
Con.
q
1
gl = ˙
glj l=1,...,4 Stokes parameters
q
j=1
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11. Linear Dual-Pol
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
Context kDP1 = [SHH , SHV ]T
Theory
Transmission: H (horizontal)
Pol.
Stokes Reception: H and V [ENVISAT ASAR, RADARSAT-2,
Dual-Pol
TerraSAR-X, ALOS PALSAR, etc.]
DoP
T
Data Sets kDP2 = [SVH , SVV ] [Sentinel-1, 2013]
Results [maritime surveillance]
Transmission: V (vertical)
Con.
Reception: H and V
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12. Hybrid/Compact Dual-Pol
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
√
Context kπ/4 = [SHH + SHV , SVV + SHV ]T / 2
Theory
Transmission: H+V (45◦ ) [Souyris et al., 2005]
Pol.
Stokes Reception: H and V
Dual-Pol
DoP
√
Data Sets kCL-pol = [SHH − iSHV , −iSVV + SHV ]T / 2
Results [Raney, 2007]
Transmission: Circular (right- or left-hand)
Con.
[RADARSAT Constellation Mission, 2014]
Reception: H and V [maritime surveillance]
Scattering reciprocity: SHV = SVH
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13. DoP Estimation
Université
de Toulouse
Outline
Context
Degree of Polarization
Theory Invariant with respect to the choice of orthogonal
Pol. polarization basis at the receiver
Stokes Dependent of the transmit polarization
Dual-Pol
DoP
Data Sets
Results
Con.
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14. DoP Estimation
Université
de Toulouse
2 2 2
α2 + α3 + α4
Outline
P=
Context α1
Theory
Pol.
Stokes
αl = n n gl [j], l = 1, . . . , 4
1
j=1
Dual-Pol n: Number of pixels in the estimation window
DoP
Data Sets
Results
Estimation Window
Con. The bigger the estimation window, the better the
estimation
Bigger window reduces the image resolution and
is more prone to mixing samples from different
targets
[Chatelain et al., 2009; Shirvany et al., 2011a]
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15. DoP Estimation
Université
de Toulouse
2 2 2
α2 + α3 + α4
Outline
P=
Context α1
Theory
Pol.
Stokes
αl = n n gl [j], l = 1, . . . , 4
1
j=1
Dual-Pol n: Number of pixels in the estimation window
DoP
Data Sets
Results
Estimation Window
Con. The bigger the estimation window, the better the
estimation
Bigger window reduces the image resolution and
is more prone to mixing samples from different
targets
[Chatelain et al., 2009; Shirvany et al., 2011a]
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16. Data Sets
Université RADARSAT-2
de Toulouse
San Francisco Bay [http://www.radarsat2.info]
Outline
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Con.
(a) Google EarthTM image of the area
(b) Pauli RGB image of the RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric data set
Red = |SHH − SVV |, Green = |SHV + SVH |, Blue = |SHH + SVV |
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17. Experimental Results
Université RADARSAT-2
de Toulouse
San Francisco Bay
Estimated Maps of the DoP
Outline
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Buoys
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
Con.
(a) Pauli RGB image of the ROI (b) NOAA nautical chart showing 21 buoys
(c) HH-HV (d)CL-pol (e)VH-VV (f) π/4
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18. Experimental Results
Université RADARSAT-2
de Toulouse San Francisco Bay
Southampton Shoal Day Mark
Outline
Context
Theory
! " # "!# "$ % &' !# $%!"! ! "
Data Sets
Results
**(*)
)*())
Buoys
(
(
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
)
*( )
*(
Con.
(
(
(a) NOAA nautical chart showing Southampton Shoal day mark (height = 32 ft/9.75m).
(b) VH-VV (c) HH-HV (d) CL-pol (e) π/4
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19. Experimental Results
Université RADARSAT-2
de Toulouse
San Francisco Bay
Southampton Shoal Channel Entrance
Outline
Context
Theory
Data Sets
" "
Results !
!
''%'&
&'%&&
Buoys
"%
"%
Oil-rigs
#
Ships
Oil Spills " "
! !
&
Con.
'% &
'%
$$ ""
"%
"%
! "
(a) NOAA nautical chart showing Southampton Shoal Channel Entrance buoy
(b) VH-VV (c) HH-HV (d) CL-pol (e) π/4
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20. Data Sets
Université NASA/JPL UAVSAR
de Toulouse
Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana, USA [http://uavsar.jpl.nasa.gov]
Outline
Mississippi River Delta
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Buoys
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
Con.
(a) Google EarthTM image of the area. (b) Pauli RGB image of the NASA/JPL UAVSAR fully
polarimetric data set. (c) NOAA chart showing oil-rigs.
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21. Experimental Results
Université NASA/JPL UAVSAR
de Toulouse
Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana, USA
Oil-rig Detection
Outline Mississippi River Delta
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Buoys
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
Con.
(a) VH-VV (b) HH-HV (c) CL-pol (d) π/4
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22. Experimental Results
Université
de Toulouse RADARSAT-2
San Francisco Bay
Ship Detection
Outline
Estimated Maps of the DoP
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Buoys
Oil-rigs
Ships
Oil Spills
Con.
(a) Pauli RGB image of a test area from San Francisco Bay, RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric data set
(b) HH-HV (c) VH-VV (d) CL-pol (e) π/4
(f) Ship detection results, based on quad-pol data, reported by [Marino et al., 2010]
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24. Conclusion
Université
de Toulouse
The degree of polarization is used to detect the features with polarimetric
Outline
signatures different from the sea surface (ships, oil spills, etc.)
Context
Theory Dual-pol SAR provides a wider swath width, and hence greater area coverage
Data Sets
compared to quad-pol systems
Results
Hybrid/compact dual-pol modes deliver better detection performance compared
Con. to conventional (linear) dual-pol modes, i.e., (HH, HV) and (VH,VV)
The DoP estimation is simple, computationally efficient, and time effective
Acknowledgment
RADARSAT-2: MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA)
UAVSAR: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Alaska Satellite Facility
(ASF)
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25. Université
de Toulouse
Outline
Context
Theory
Data Sets
Results
Thank you for your attention!
Con.
[Background image: Piet Mondrian (1927), Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, Oil on canvas.]
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26. References
Université
de Toulouse
N. Wiener, “Generalized harmonic analysis,” Acta Math., vol. 55, pp. 117–258, 1930.
Outline E. Wolf, “Coherence properties of partially polarized electromagnetic radiation,” Nuovo Cim., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1165–1181, Sep.
1959.
Context
G. G. Stokes, “On the composition and resolution of streams of polarized light from different sources,” Trans. Camb. Philosoph.
Theory Soc., vol. 9, pp. 399–416, 1852.
Data Sets J.-C. Souyris, P. Imbo, R. Fjortoft, S. Mingot, and J.-S. Lee, “Compact polarimetry based on symmetry properties of geophysical
media: the π/4 mode,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 634–646, Mar. 2005.
Results R. Raney, “Hybrid-polarity SAR architecture,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 11, Nov. 2007.
Con. F. Chatelain, J.-Y. Tourneret, M. Roche, and M. Alouini, “Estimating the polarization degree of polarimetric images in coherent
illumination using maximum likelihood methods,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1348–1359, 2009.
R. Shirvany, M. Chabert, and J.-Y. Tourneret, “Estimation of the degree of polarization for hybrid/compact and linear dual-pol
SAR intensity images: Principles and applications,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., submitted, 2011.
A. Marino, N. Walker, and I. Woodhouse, “Ship detection using SAR polarimetry. the development of a new algorithm designed
to exploit new satellite SAR capabilities for maritime surveillance.” in Proc. of SeaSAR’10, Rome, Italy, Jan. 2010.
R. Shirvany, M. Chabert, and J.-Y. Tourneret, “Depolarization signatures of oil spill in hybrid/compact and linear dual-pol SAR,”
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., submitted, 2011.
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