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Day3
- 1. TRANSBOUNDARY STAMPRIET ARTESIAN AQUIFER A Namibian Over- and Review Development History – Knowledge Status Problems and Potential Solutions Jürgen Kirchner & Gideon Tredoux
- 3. SAB within ORASECOM Stampriet Artesian Basin Groundwater Control Area
- 4. SHEEP FARMING CourtesyAgriForum and IRRIGATION Irrigation 46% Domestic 16% Stock Watering 38%
- 5. Wide Valley – Tiny River Coarse Conglomerate
- 6. 100 YEARS of INVESTIGATIONS • Paul Range discovered the SAB in 1912 • Frommurze investigated in the 1930s • H. Martin researched for the Coal Report • K. Schalk investigated a cloud break in 1960 • Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Isotopes (Tredoux, Kirchner & Vogel in the 1970s) • Oil and Coal exploration (1960s – 1980s) • J. Nawrowski explored Abstraction and Irrigation (1980s - 1990s) • JICA GW Evaluation & Management (2002) • IAEA RAF 8/029 (Isotope studies, 2002) • Bäumle: Stampriet Groundwater Model (2005) GRIM located about 180 documents with 60 attached
- 7. N-S Section by Henno Martin along Botswana Border (1956)
- 10. 10km East of Mariental 15km East of Mariental 6km East of Mariental 18km East of Mariental 20km South of Mariental 25km East of Gibeon 20km East of Asab 50km North of Keetmanshoop 1205m 1205mASL 1205mASL ASL Pale brownishi grey calcrete Pale brownishi grey calcrete -containing basalt pebbles and boulders -calcrete breccias at the base -calcrete breccias at the base 1200m 10-15m 10m 1200mASL 1m+ Grey very coarse sandstone (30m) -silicified -weathered biotite rich 2m+ Grey medium sandstone (24m) -bedded well -weathered biotite rich Brown coarse sandstone 2m -bedded well -strongly weathered 1195m -pisolitic structures(1-2 in sizes) 1195mASL Amygdaroidal basalt Brown fine sandstone 1m Reddish brown coarse sandstone Pale brownishi grey calcrete -calcites in pores Purple very coarse sandstone -containing basalt pebbles and boulders -irregular fractures developed well 3m -calcrete breccias at the base -bleaching in the weathered crusts Greenishi grey coarse sandstone -weathered biotite rich 4m Greenish grey shale -oxidized -brown to dark grey in original colors 1190m -gypsum 10-15m Reddish brown very coarse sandstone -borrow structures developed well -weathered biotite rich 4m -water leaking 30m+ Greenish grey shale 1185m unknown -weathered biotite rich Dark grey coarse sandstone -calcareous -cross bedding developed well -concretions 5m 25-30m 1180m Pale grey fine to medium sandstone -cross bedding developed well -weathered biotite rich 5m 1175m Brown medium sandstone 1-2m Pale grey siltstone -squized structures at the boundaries -weathered biotite rich Pale grey coarse sandstone -bedded well -dark grey in weathered surface -concretions 5m 1170m 10m 1170ASL Pale brownishi grey calcrete -containing basalt pebbles and boulders Brownish grey medium sandstone -calcrete breccias at the base -bedded well -very strong against weathering 1165m 7m 1065mASL Dark grey coarse sandstone Dark grey shale -calcareous unknown -white in weathered surface -cross bedding developed well -concretions 5-10m 15m Coarse dolerite unknown -sill like structure 0.3m Greenish grey siltstone 1160mASL Greenish grey shale Dark grey shale 1160m Dark grey coarse sandstone -water leaking unknown -greenish grey in weathered surface Brown medium sandstone -calcareous -cross bedding developed well -cross bedding developed well -weathered biotite rich -concretion Coarse dolerite unknown -sill like structure Brown medium sandstone -cross bedding developed well 5m -ripple marks Dark grey shale -concretions -greenish grey in weathered surface unknown 1155m Yellowish grey shale 1m Grey fine sandstone -cross bedding developed well 15m 20-25m Alternating beds of brownish grey 3m shales and brownish grey shales -cross bedding developed well -ripple marks 1150mASL 1150m -weathered biotite rich 0m Gravels of pale brownishi grey calcretes Grey coarse sandstone 2m Pale grey very coarse sandstone 2m -light grey at weathered surface -weathered strongly -concretions -massive 15m Dark grey coarse sandstone Dark grey siltstone -weathered biotite rich 2m -concretions(1-10m in sizes) -cross bedding developed well -slunping structure developed well -borrow structure developed well 1145m -joints developed 0.5m Greenish grey siltstone -water leaking 6m -slunping structure developed well 2m Grey medium sandstone Greenish grey shale -pisolitic structures(1-2 in sizes) -low resistance against weathering -slunping structure developed 2m+ Dark grey shale - variation in thicness Alternating beds of grey medium and grey coarse sandstones -bedded well 1140m -borrow structure developed poorly 10m+ Very dark grey to black shale -original color 7m 1135m 10m Grey coarse sandstone -coaly fragments -borrow structure developed well -showing terrace like tpopgraphy 6m 1130m Dark grey coarse sandstone 2m -concretions -showing terrace like tpopgraphy Alternating beds of grey fine to medium sandstones and grey shales Yellowish grey medium sandstone -bedded well 2m -unsorted -borrow structure developed well 0.2m Grey coarse sandstone 6m 1125m 2m Yellowish grey medium sandstone -bedded well -cross bedding developed well -concretions at base 0.5m 3m Alternating beds of grey siltstones 0.2m Dark brown coarse sandstone and grey fine sandstones -lens like structure -bedded well -ferruginous 1120m 1-2m Dark grey coarse sandstone -basal conglomerate(0.3-20cm in size) Very dark grey shale -showing terrace like tpopgraphy -grey in weathered surface 1m+ Greenish grey shale 1115m 14m 1110m Very coarse sandstones Kalahari Group 1205m Approximate elevation above sea level ASL delived from 1:250,000 topographic maps Coarse sandstones Kalkrand Formation 1m Dark grey coarse sandstone -calcareous Medium sandstones Intrusives of Dolerite sills 1200m -concretions -basal conglomerate Fine sandstones Whitehill Formation 1105m 10m Thickness of strata 4m+ Greenish grey shale Siltstones Auob Member * Discription Shales Prince Albert Formation Calcretes Nossob Member Basalts Dwyka Formation Dolerites 1100m LEGEND
- 11. Geology of Namibia Roy Miller’s book displays the pre-Kalahari river network of the Stampriet Artesian Basin
- 12. Water Quality Map TDS SO4 NO3 F The South West Africa Steering Committee for Water Research initiated a Water Quality Map Project in the late 1960s. In the SAB about 4000 water points were sampled and other borehole and water use information collected.
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- 14. Groundwater Levels & Flow % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ #Y #Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y #Y#Y#Y #Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y Gobabis Rehoboth Kalkrand W indhoek Mariental Leonardv ille Tses Koes Dobbin Mentz Gochas Schlip Tsum is Gibeon Aranos Aminius Genes is Corridor Kom narib Duinev eld Hoachanas Stam priet Mata-Mata Uhlenhorst W anderv ogel Klein Vaalgras J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6 J-7 J-9 1150 1100 1200 1050 1250 1000 950 1300 950 1250 1150 1050 1150 1050 1250 1150 1200 1000 J-8Piezom etric Head of Auob 1350 - 1400 1300 - 1350 1250 - 1300 1200 - 1250 1150 - 1200 1100 - 1150 1050 - 1100 1000 - 1050 950 - 1000 900 - 950 850 - 900 Piezom etric of Head of Auob Road Main Road % Town %[ Main Town #Y JICA Test BH Study Area N EW S 0 20 40 (Km) Piezometric Head of Auob Aquifer 26° 26° 25° 25° 24° 24° 23° 23° 18° 18° 19° 19° 20° 20° % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ #Y #Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y #Y#Y#Y #Y#Y #Y#Y#Y #Y Gobabis Rehoboth Kalkrand W indhoek Mariental Leonardv ille Tses Koes Dobbin Mentz Gochas Schlip Tsum is Gibeon Aranos Aminius Genes is Corridor Kom narib Duinev eld Hoachanas Stam priet Mata-Mata Uhlenhorst W anderv ogel Klein Vaalgras J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6 J-7 J-9 J-8 1100 1200 950 1350 1050 1150 1300 1000 1250 1250 1050 1050 1000 1200 1150 1200 1000 1000 N EW S Piezometric Head of Kalahari 1350 - 1400 1300 - 1350 1250 - 1300 1200 - 1250 1150 - 1200 1100 - 1150 1050 - 1100 1000 - 1050 950 - 1000 900 - 950 850 - 900 Piezometric Head of kalahari Road Main Road % Town %[ Main Town #Y JICA Test BH Study Area 0 20 40 (Km) 26° 26° 25° 25° 24° 24° 23° 23° 18° 18° 19° 19° 20° 20° Kalahari Auob
- 15. Kalahari: red Auob: black WATER LEVELS 18 19 20 -26 -25 -24 -23 PCI data set
- 17. Gomchanas Recorder Gomchanas M122: Ex-DWA Analog Recorder (WW8399) - Auob Aquifer -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 Jan-74 Jan-75 Jan-76 Jan-77 Jan-78 Jan-79 Jan-80 Jan-81 Jan-82 Jan-83 Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-86 Jan-87 Jan-88 Jan-89 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Date WaterLevel(mAGL) Replace Analog Recorder with Digital Recorder DL Serial Number: F4483 Installation Date: 21/08/2001
- 18. UHLENHORST CLOUD BREAK Schalk investigated the extraordinary rainfall event in the night of 24 February 1960. A borehole on Klein Swartmodder 50 km away started flowing three weeks later with a head of 1.3 m Ja Dennoch Paddington Klein Swartmodder
- 19. We do have such events from time to time Mariental flood 2006
- 20. SAB 2000 (left) SAB 2001 (right)
- 21. SINKHOLE RECHARGE I • Field observations show that rainwater flows towards these depressions where it seeps away within hours. • Calcrete at the perimeter and below the sinkhole is karstified in the process. In the centre impermeable material is deposited. 15 hours after between 60 and more than 100 mm of rain fell. Note the drift material (left) and the tiny puddle in the back.
- 23. SINKHOLE DISTRIBUTION • In the west and the north- west Kalahari sinkhole features can be recognised over large areas (they continue further south). • Some lie in the confined parts and can only contribute to Kalahari recharge. • No sinkholes have been identified in the north- eastern parts of the basin. Leonardv ille A m i n u iU h l en h or st A ranos Stam priet G och as M A R IEN TA L ? ? Leonardv ille A m i n u iU h l en h or st A ranos Stam priet G och as M A R IEN TA L ? ?
- 24. SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO SAR ratios of artesian (solid colour) and subartesian boreholes Generally better quality in the western (Cisnossob) half of the basin
- 25. 14C Apparent Age Young Auob water in the CisNossob 20 000 years older water in the TransNossob
- 26. 18° E 19° E 20° E 18° E 19° E 20° E 26° S 25° S 24° S 23° S 0 25 50 75 100 Gochas Stampriet Mariental Koës Aranos Leonardville Aminuis Kalkrand Hoachanas Uhlenhorst Blumfelde km D excess (per mil) -10 -5 0 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 Proclaimed SAB 18° E 19° E 20° E 18° E 19° E 20° E 26° S 25° S 24° S 23° S 0 25 50 75 100 Gochas Stampriet Mariental Koës Aranos Leonardville Aminuis Kalkrand Hoachanas Uhlenhorst Blumfelde km D excess (per mil) Proclaimed SAB -10 -5 0 2 3.5 5 8 10 20 Deuterium Excess Kalahari Auob
- 27. Recharge areas Auob River NAMIBIA Approximate Orange – Okavango Watershed Nossob River ? RSA BOTSWANA Weissrand Auob Nossob NEAminuis
- 28. No indication of recharge from NE
- 29. Paleoclimate concepts (Vogel - Heine) ARCHEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Age range [ky B.P.] Namib Vogel (1989) Lowland Heine (1992) Highland Heine (1992) HISTORICAL TIME 0-1 IRON AGE -2 BRONZE AGE -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 BOREAL -9 PREBOREAL -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -34 -35 Arid climate Present climate After GEYH (1994) Humid climate MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC HOLOCENEPLEISTOCENE SUBATLANTIC SUBBOREAL ATLANTIC MIDDLE WEICHSELIAN LATE WEICHSELIAN STRATIGRAPGICAL CLASSIFICATION NEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC YOUNGER PALEOLITHIC
- 30. • Schalk (1960) calculated the amount of water that infiltrated after the cloudburst as approximately: Q = 100 * 106 [m3] but did not estimate the proportion that might have reached the artesian aquifers. • The artesian water abstraction then was estimated at 44 000 m3/d or 16 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (Schalk)
- 31. • Vogel et al. (1982) applied Darcy’s Law: Q = kD * b * i [m3/d] using an average gradient i = 1/1000, an average transmissivity kD = 11.3 m2/d and an aquifer width b = 55 km above Stampriet. This resulted in an average annual recharge rate for the Stampriet surrounding of: Q = 0.68 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (Vogel et al.)
- 32. • PCI (2002) have calculated the combined recharge for all three aquifers using different approaches: 1. Modeling (a)1): 21 * 106 [m3/a] 2. Modeling (b): 87 * 106 [m3/a] 3. Water Balance (a): 105 * 106 [m3/a] 4. Water Balance (b): 341 * 106 [m3/a] 5. Water Balance (c): 1 550 * 106 [m3/a] The 4 to 15 times varying values allow not to decide on a correct mean recharge rate. SAB RECHARGE (PCI) 1) Modeling 1: ordinary year; 2: 1:50 year. Balance excluding losses (a): ordinary year CMBM, (b): 1:50 year CMBM, (c): 1:50 year assuming normal transpiration, withdrawal & groundwater flow
- 33. Abstraction in m3/d (JICA, 2000) Block size about 275 ha • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Kalkrand Mariental Leonardville Tses Koes Dobbin Mentz Gochas Gibeon Aranos Aminuis Genesis Corridor Komnarib Duineveld Hoachanas Stampriet Mata-Mata Uhlenhorst Wandervogel Klein Vaalgras Intensity of Withdrawal-K 0- 10 10 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 500 500 - 1000 1000 - 2000 2000 - 5000 Road MainRoad • MainTown • Town Aminuis Study Area Unit; m3/day Unit; m3/day 0 30 60 90 (Km) • • • • •
- 34. Abstraction from the 3 Aquifers (after JICA) Aquifer Abstraction [Mm3 /a] % Kalahari 9.80 65.5 Auob 4.97 33.2 Nossob 0.20 1.3 TOTAL 14.97 100.0
- 35. Long-term Overabstraction Spes Bona Recorder 1160.00 1162.00 1164.00 1166.00 1168.00 1170.00 1172.00 1174.00 1176.00 1178.00 1180.00 1978/01/01 1979/01/01 1980/01/01 1981/01/01 1982/01/01 1983/01/01 1984/01/01 1985/01/01 1986/01/01 1987/01/01 1988/01/01 1989/01/01 1990/01/01 1991/01/01 1992/01/01 1993/01/01 1994/01/01 1995/01/01 1996/01/01 1997/01/01 1998/01/01 1999/01/01 2000/01/01 2001/01/01 2002/01/01 2003/01/01 2004/01/01 Date Waterlevel(mamsl)
- 36. We know too little . . . • Water levels are dropping • Consumption and Losses rise Spes Bona 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Waterlevel BOOMPLAAS Recorder 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 01-07-70 01-07-72 01-07-74 01-07-76 01-07-78 01-07-80 01-07-82 01-07-84 01-07-86 01-07-88 01-07-90 01-07-92 01-07-94 01-07-96 01-07-98 01-07-00 Date Waterlevel[metresbelowsurface] IrrigationDomestic Stock Watering There is an urgent need for CONTROL and REMEDY Both need to be placed on sound footing
- 37. CONSTRAINTS I AQUIFER PROBLEMS • Largely “semi-accurate” elevations • Aquifer identification in boreholes • Leaking seals of (sub)artesian holes • Regional variation of target aquifers • Lacking water levels and • Water-level dates varying • Lacking abstraction data • Deteriorating water quality • Changing stratigraphy • Lacking knowledge
- 38. CONSTRAINTS II ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS • Drilling control (depth, seals) • Unauthorised drilling • Irrigation allocation (quantity) • Abstraction (control, returns) • Unauthorised abstraction • Wastage (leaking pipes, etc.) • Electronic data capture (staff)
- 39. Some permanent problems… Corrosive water and … …Farmers not caring to waste artesian water
- 40. Leaking Borehole -35.00 -30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 1970/01/01 1971/01/01 1972/01/01 1973/01/01 1974/01/01 1975/01/01 1976/01/01 1977/01/01 1978/01/01 1979/01/01 1980/01/01 1981/01/01 1982/01/01 1983/01/01 1984/01/01 1985/01/01 1986/01/01 1987/01/01 1988/01/01 1989/01/01 1990/01/01 1991/01/01 1992/01/01 1993/01/01 1994/01/01 1995/01/01 1996/01/01 1997/01/01 1998/01/01 1999/01/01 2000/01/01 2001/01/01 2002/01/01 2003/01/01 WaterLevel(mbgl) 09/09/77 @12H25; DGR=9.68m - measured by T. da Silva 09/09/77 @ 14H00; DGR=27.27m - measured by T. da Silva "complete maintance BH, water sample" Approximate position of Boomplaas Recorder Auob W-L Kalahari W-L Estimated 20 - 25 m drop of Water-level (Auob leaking into Kalahari)
- 41. Proposed Actions 1. TRANSNOSSOB • Find or drill suitable Boreholes (use Miller’s analysis) • Identify Aquifer, determine W-L, Quality, Isotopes – Use Geochemical logs, Packer sampling • Establish Flow pattern and Recharge Area 2. Whole SAB • Do Pumping tests for Aquifer Constants • Repeat 2001 Water-level Survey • Drill borehole to close knowledge gaps • Model or otherwise establish Abstraction Potential of “Irrigation Areas”. • Investigate Leakage (natural – boreholes) • Develop and implement Policy – Applications, Permits, Drilling, Abstraction, Leakage, Pollution/Wastage, Fees, Tariffs, Policing, Penalties)
Hinweis der Redaktion
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