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Liturgy of the Daily Office - Fr. Stephen Gauthier
- 2. What is liturgy? Greek: leitourgia Two roots People (laos) Work (ergon) Meaning in the ancient world Secular use A work undertaken for the common good Religious use Word used in Greek Bible for temple service (Luke 1:23)
- 3. Use of the term in the Western Church How we worship together as Church Our “common prayer” Book of Common Prayer (BCP)
- 4. Spiritual significance We share in Christ’s own priestly prayer Priesthood of all believers A standard of faith How the Church has understood Scripture “How we pray is how we believe” (Latin: lex orandi, lex credendi) Especially characteristic of the Anglican tradition
- 5. Our “School of Prayer” How we learn to pray Cf. language acquisition Learned socially Used individually
- 6. Two “routine” components Eucharist (previous training session) The “daily offices”
- 7. Origin of the daily offices Jewish practice Three daily temple services Pattern for individual prayer Example: Daniel 6 Pray without ceasing (1 Thessalonians 5:17) Our “sacred duty” (Latin: divinum officium) English: “divine office”
- 8. Early Church Daily prayers at fixed times Prayed in common Key element = Psalms Selected for relevance to time of day (“cathedral office”) Morning = praise and petition Evening = thanksgiving
- 9. Early monastics Expansion of offices Night Vigil Psalter prayed sequentially (“In course”)
- 10. Expansion of offices Inspiration: Seven times a day I praise you for your righteous rules. (Psalm 119:164) Associated with specific times of day (Latin: hora = English: “hour”) “Liturgy of the Hours” Ultimately 8 “canonical hours”
- 11. Canonical “hours” 1. Matins (Latin = “morning”) – night vigil 2. Lauds (Latin = “praises”) – dawn 3. Prime (Latin = “first hour”) – early morning 4. Tierce (Latin = “third hour”) – mid-morning 5. Sext (Latin = “sixth hour”) – noon 6. None (Latin = “ninth hour”) – midafternoon 7. Vespers (Latin = “evening”) – early evening 8. Compline (Latin = “final”) - bedtime
- 12. New elements added Antiphons and responsories Purpose = Christian understanding of Psalms Gospel canticles Song of Zechariah (Benedictus) – morning prayer Song of Mary (Magnificat) – evening prayer Song of Simeon (Nunc dimittis) - compline Scripture readings Patristic readings Hymns
- 13. Decline in lay participation Length Practical challenges Complexity Language barrier Unintended result of clerical obligation to pray offices Private recitation “Bundling” of offices/loss of time element
- 14. English Reformation Move to restore lay participation in the offices Reduction in number Morning and evening prayer Shortened and simplified Purely scriptural elements
- 15. Anglican distinctive Offices preserved as integral part of the Church’s public worship Closest parallel = Eastern Churches
- 16. BCP (1979) Morning Prayer Evening Prayer Two additional offices Noonday prayer Compline (night/bedtime prayer)
- 17. Liturgical calendar Key structural element of “school of prayer” Objectives = completeness and balance Two components Seasonal calendar Fixed dates (e.g., Christmas/Epiphany) Moveable dates (e.g., Easter/Ascension/Pentecost) Sanctoral (i.e., “saints”) calendar
- 18. Seasonal calendar Original practice Each Sunday = celebrate death and resurrection of Jesus Addition of Easter (variable date) Special annual celebration of death and resurrection of Jesus rooted in Passover Addition of Christmas/Epiphany (fixed dates) Christmas – Western Church Epiphany – Eastern Church
- 19. Expansion of Easter Expand to one week (octave) Preceded by Lent Goal = 40 days of fasting No fasting on Sunday = 6 weeks x 6 days = 36 Need for 4 more days => “Ash Wednesday” Followed by Pentecost (Greek = “50”) 7 days x 7 weeks (“a week of weeks”) + 1 = 50 Holy Spirit = “fruit” of the “grain that dies” Giving of the Law at Sinai = giving of Holy Spirit
- 20. Expansion of Christmas Christmas Expand to Epiphany (January 6) “12 days of Christmas” Preceded by Advent 4 Sundays preceding Christmas Day
- 21. Seasonal calendar today in Western Church Advent Start of Liturgical Year in Western Church Christmas/Epiphany Period from Epiphany to Lent Anglicans = Epiphany season Roman Catholics = Ordinary Time (Part I) “Ordinary” = no distinctive elements Latin: propria = English: proper Cf. English “properties”
- 22. Seasonal calendar (cont.) Lent/Holy Week Easter Triduum (the great “three days”) Holy Thursday evening-Easter Sunday Easter Season Pentecost Period until Advent Anglicans = Season of Pentecost Roman Catholics = Ordinary Time (Part II)
- 23. Sanctoral calendar Origin in commemoration of local martyrs Ancient Roman custom: meal at cemetery on anniversary of death Eucharist at tomb of martyr Expanded beyond martyrs First example – Martin of Tours Expanded beyond local church Saints of other communities Date used (4 choices) Death/burial/transfer of body/dedication
- 24. BCP (1979) Fixed calendar found on pages 15-30 Additional material available in Minor Feasts and Fasts Background Collect Daily collects for special seasons Advent Lent
- 26. Morning prayer Rite II BCP (1979), pp. 75-102
- 27. Overall structure 1. Preliminaries (optional) 2. Invitatory and Psalter 3. Lessons and canticles 4. Apostles’ Creed 5. Prayers 6. Conclusion
- 29. Elements A. Opening sentences B. Invitation to confession C. Confession D. Absolution
- 30. A. Opening sentences (stand) One or more verses of scripture Purpose Place prayer in broader context of the liturgical calendar Selection Based on season or feast
- 31. Example: Advent
- 32. B. Invitation to confession (stand) Two forms
- 33. C. Confession of sin (kneel)
- 34. D. Absolution Priest – stand/”you” & “your” Other officiant – kneel/ “us” & “ours” Wording: priest v. other officiant
- 35. 2. Invitatory and psalter
- 36. Elements A. Versicle and responses (“preces”) B. Antiphon & Invitatory C. Psalm(s)
- 37. A. Versicles and responses (stand) Also known as “preces” (Latin = prayers) Custom – sign of the cross on lips
- 38. B. Antiphon & Invitatory (stand) Purpose of invitatory = invitation to worship Options Psalm 95 “Venite” (Latin: “Come”) Short version (1-7)/long version (penitential use) Psalm 100 “Jubilate” (Latin: “Be joyful”) “Christ our Passover” (Romans and 1 Corinthians) Easter season Purpose of antiphon = place in broader context of liturgical calendar
- 40. Use of antiphon Beginning/end (thematic “bookends”) Beginning + each break + end
- 42. C. Psalm(s) (stand or sit) Two approaches to selection Lectionary (“psalms appointed”) Sequential recitation (“in course”)
- 43. Psalm(s) appointed Office lectionary BCP (1979), pp. 934-1001 Facing pages Year 1 on left Year 2 on right Liturgical year begins 1 Advent Is the year starting January 1 odd or even? Odd = Year 1 Even = Year 2
- 45. Psalm(s) appointed (cont.) Example: Morning prayer = left of asterisk Psalms 146 & 147 Evening prayer = right of asterisk Psalms 111, 112, 113
- 46. Psalms appointed (cont.) Parentheses = may be excluded Typically “imprecatory” material Example:
- 47. Psalm(s) appointed (cont.) Example of omitted material:
- 48. Psalms in course 30-day cycle (indicated in Psalter) BCP, pp. 581-808 Sequential portions of approximately equal length for each morning and evening
- 51. Methods of recitation Direct recitation In unison Antiphonal recitation Verse-by-verse alternation (within congregation) Responsive recitation Verse-by-verse alternation (minister/congregation) Responsorial recitation Congregation responds with antiphon
- 53. Christian understanding of Psalms Christ King Bridegroom Church Bride Jerusalem
- 54. Praying the Psalms Material not relevant to our current situation We pray with others Imprecatory material Focus on our own sinful nature
- 55. 3. Lessons and canticles
- 56. Lessons Reader (stand) Celebrant should not be reader People (sit)
- 57. Lectionary Readings Old Testament New Testament (other than Gospel) Gospel Sundays and feasts Use Eucharistic lectionary if Principal service Joined to Eucharist
- 58. Assignment of readings Single daily office May use all three readings (or less) Both morning and evening prayer Option A: [2+1] or [1+2] Option B: [2+2] 4th reading = Old Testament of alternate year Gospel Morning Year 1 Evening Year 2
- 59. Canticles (stand) Placement After first two readings Custom: sign of the cross for “Gospel canticles” Song of Zechariah (Benedictus) Song of Mary (Magnificat) Song of Simeon (Nunc Dimittis)
- 60. Canticles - selection 8. The Song of Moses 9. The First Song of Isaiah 10.The Second Song of Isaiah 11.The Third Song of Isaiah 12.A Song of Creation 13.A Song of Praise 14.A Song of Penitence 15.The Song of Mary Nos. 1-8 = Versions in traditional English (“thee”/“thou”) from Rite I
- 61. Canticles - selection 16.The Song of Zechariah 17.The Song of Simeon 18.A Song to the Lamb 19.The Song of the Redeemed 20.Glory to God 21.You are God
- 62. Canticles – selection (cont.) Suggested assignment = BCP (1979) pp. 144-145
- 65. 4. Apostles’ Creed (stand)
- 66. 5. Prayers (stand or kneel)
- 67. Elements A. Salutation and Lord’s Prayer B. Suffrages C. Collect of the Day D. Other collects E. Prayer for mission F. Intercessions/thanksgivings G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving
- 68. A. Salutation and Lord’s prayer
- 69. B. Suffrages Versicles + responses Two options
- 70. C. Collect of the day Sundays and feasts “Proper” to the day Other times Collect of previous Sunday
- 71. D. Other collects Sunday – proper (resurrection) Monday – renewal of life Tuesday – peace Wednesday – grace Thursday – guidance Friday – proper (crucifixion) Saturday – proper (sabbath rest)
- 72. E. Prayer for mission Three options
- 73. F. Intercessions/thanksgivings From those present
- 74. G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving One or both General Thanksgiving Prayer of St. Chrysostom
- 75. 6. Conclusion
- 76. Elements A. Versicle and response • Officiant: Let us bless the Lord • People: Thanks be to God • Custom: sign of the cross at versicle A. Closing sentences • Three options • Unrelated to seasons
- 77. Evening prayer Rite II BCP (1979), pp. 115-126
- 78. Overall structure o Same as Morning Prayer 1. Preliminaries (optional) 2. Invitatory and Psalter 3. Lessons and canticles 4. Apostles’ Creed 5. Prayers 6. Conclusion
- 80. Elements A. Opening sentences (stand) • Not seasonal A. Invitation to confession (stand) B. Confession (kneel) C. Absolution (priest stand/people kneel)
- 81. 2. Invitatory and psalter
- 82. Elements A. Versicle and responses (“preces”) B. Invitatory • No antiphon A. Psalm(s)
- 83. A. Versicles and responses (stand) Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
- 85. C. Psalm(s) (stand or sit) Same as Morning Prayer
- 86. 3. Lessons and canticles
- 87. Lessons (reader stands/people sit) Same as Morning Prayer
- 88. Canticles (stand) Selection The Song of Mary The Song of Simeon
- 89. 4. Apostles’ Creed (stand) Same as Morning Prayer
- 90. 5. Prayers (stand or kneel)
- 91. Elements same as Morning Prayer A. Salutation and Lord’s Prayer B. Suffrages C. Collect of the Day D. Other collects E. Prayer for mission F. Intercessions/thanksgivings G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving
- 92. A. Salutation and Lord’s prayer Same as Morning Prayer
- 93. Suffrages Versicles + responses Two options
- 94. C. Collect of the day Same as Morning Prayer
- 95. D. Other collects Sunday – proper (resurrection) Monday – peace Tuesday – aid against perils Wednesday – protection Thursday – presence of Christ Friday – proper (crucifixion) Saturday – proper (sabbath rest)
- 96. E. Prayer for mission Three options
- 97. F. Intercessions/thanksgivings Same as Morning Prayer
- 98. G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving Same as Morning Prayer
- 99. 6. Conclusion Same as morning prayer
- 100. Noonday BCP (1979), pages 103-107
- 101. Basic structure Opening versicle and response Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
- 102. Basic structure (cont.) Psalm 3 options Lesson 3 options Lord have mercy Lord’s Prayer
- 103. Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response Collect 4 options Intercessions
- 104. Basic structure (cont.) Closing versicle and response Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
- 105. Compline BCP (1979), pp. 127-135
- 106. Basic structure Opening sentence Versicle and response Custom: sign of the cross at versicle Confession and absolution (optional)
- 107. Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response Psalm (4 choices) Lesson (4 choices)
- 108. Basic structure (cont.) Versicles and responses and Lord have mercy Lord’s Prayer
- 109. Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response Collect 4 options Other collects 2 options
- 110. Basic structure (cont.) Intercessions and thanksgivings Song of Simeon with proper antiphon Used as “bookends”
- 111. Basic structure (cont.) Closing versicle and response Closing sentence Custom: sign of the cross