The document outlines the history of plant tissue culture from 1832 to the present. Some of the key events include Theodor Schwann presenting the idea that cells can grow outside the body in 1832. In 1898, Gottlieb Haberlandt made the first attempt at plant tissue culture but cells did not divide. Later researchers like White and Skoog added growth hormones like auxin and vitamins, enabling cell division. Techniques like cell suspension cultures and protoplast isolation were developed in the 1950s-60s, allowing for mass plant cell production. Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration methods enabled cloning in the 1970s. Today, tissue culture is used commercially and allows for disease-free propagation of plants.

1. HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
A TIMELINE
Dr. E. GAYATHIRI
Department of Plant Biology and Plant
Biotechnology
Guru Nanak College, Chennai

2.  LEARNING OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE: A TIMELINE
Further Research of Plant tissue culture

3. TISSUE CULTURE
 Tissue culture is the name given to the in vitro
method of cultivating cells, organs, and tissues
(whether animal or plant) with a nutrient solution in
stringent lab conditions.
 Another name that refers to tissue culture may be
sterile culture

4. HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE: A TIMELINE
 Theodor Schwann in 1832 presented that, cells can
grow outside of an original host body as long with
proper sterile external conditions.
 Wilhelm Roux proved the theory in 1835. Roux
successfully performed the culture of embryonic
chicken cells by using salt solution as his medium.
 In1839 Reichinger proposed the tissue culture
parameters (i.e: Tissue culture method would only
be successful if the fragments had a minimum
thickness of 1.5mm.)

5. HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE: A TIMELINE
CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTS ON POLARITY OF CUTTING
(VODHTING,1878)
Source: cangro.co.za

6. HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE: A TIMELINE
 In 18th century- 1898, Gottlieb
Haberlandt, a German Botanist,
made the first attempt to use the in
vitro method in plant tissues culture.
 Haberlandt is father of Plant tissue
culture
 Haberlandt observed growth of
plant
 Change of shape, thickening of cell
wall
 Appearance of starch in the
chloroplast
But no division occurred
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Haberlandt
Gottlieb Haberlandt

7. HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE: A TIMELINE
 Use of highly
differentiated cells
 Use of simple media
 Lack of growth
hormone
 Later he perceive
the concept of
growth hormones
and called them as
growth enzymes
Why the plant cells did not
divide?
Realized the importance of
Growth hormones
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Haberlandt
Gottlieb Haberlandt

8. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
 The first root tips were cultured in 1922, and, was
only maintained 20 weeks.
 In the 1930s, B- vitamins and auxin (IAA) was
recognized as key components in growing root
cultures using the tissue culture method.
 Researchers began identifying the most important
parameters that should guide our tissue culture
process today.

9. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
 Root Culture: Robbins and Kotte (1922) reported
growth of isolated root tips
 Robbins Kotte
Source: users.ugent.be

10. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
 White (1934) reported the tomato root tip growth
using inorganic salts, yeast extract and sucrose.
 later White in 1937 replaced yeast by three B-
vitamin (pyridoxine, thiamine and nicotinic acid)
 Street (1939-1950) worked on the role of vitamin in
root shoot relationship.
Source: users.ugent.be

11. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Gauthret (1934) : cultured cambium cella
of Salix and Populus nigra in Knops
solution
 Addition of B- vitamin and IAA enhanced
the growth of cells of Salix cambium
 Gauthret (1939) established continuously
growing culture from carrot cambium
 White (1939)reported the growing cultures
from tumor of the hybrid of Nicotiana
glauca X N.langsdroffii
 Gauthret, White and Nobecourt (1939)-
Reported growing culture of carrot
Source: users.ugent.be

12. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
 Skoog (1944) and Tsui reported Tobacco pith
culture in the presence of IAA
 Jablonski and Skoog (1954) observed the cell
division due to presence of cambium
Source: users.ugent.be

13. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Yeast extract was the most
effective chemical to enhance the
growth of growing cultures.
For cell division something common to
purine was too a active component was
similar to purine

14. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Source: Biology discussion

15. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Jones et al (1960): Micro culture method
Vasil and Hildebrandt (1965), Replaced conditional media
with coconut milk

16. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Skoog and Miller (1957): Demonstrated hormonal control of
organ formation
Skoog and Miller (1957): Demonstrated that organ
differentiation can be regulated by changing the relative
conc of the hormones
Miller
Source:users.ugent.be, Wikemedia

17. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Some species like cereals and legumes do not respond favorably from cell cultures and
hence described as Recalcitrant
Saunders and Bringham (1972)showed alfalfa cultivars
varied considerably for their regeneration potential

18. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Establishment of suspension of plant cell promotes
during mid 1950s for production of natural products
First attempt was done by Pfizer during 1950-60
Design of bioreactor for large scale cultivation of plant
cells using the concept of traditional microbiology

19. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Tulecke and Nickell (1959)reported the use of 134 L
reactor
Noguchi (1977)used 20000L reactor for the culture of tobacco
cells.
Mitsui Co. commercially produced Shikonin from
Lithospermum sp.
Ginseng cell mass produced by Nitto Denko

20. PROBLEM OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Slow growth of plant cell
Genetic instability of cultures cells
Intracellular accumulation of
secondary products
Organ specific synthesis
of secondary products

21. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Wickson and Thimann
(1958)demonstrated that lateral buds on
growing shoot can be induced to grow on
a medium containing cytokinin thus
overcoming apical dominance

22. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Somatic embryogenesis of carrot using bioreactorsof
Backs and Husemann (1970) and development of
synthetic technology consequently (1970)
Regeneration of cryo preserved carrot cells by
Nag and Street (1973), Seibert (1976)
Morphological variation (1971) in
sugarcane by Hawaiin sugar Association
Shepard et al (1971) Somaclonal variation
observed in potato

23. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Isolation of protoplasts (Klercker, 1892)
Fusion (Kuster 1909)
Totipotency of isolated protoplast (Nagata and
Takebe, 1971)
Cocking (1960)enzymatic isolation protoplast
from Myrothecium verrucaria, a Fungus

24. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Guha and Maheswari (1964)
developed anther culture technique
Kameya and Hinata
(1970)reported callus formation of
Brassica sp.
Nitsch, 1973: Haploid plants
from Microspore culture

25. FURTHER RESEARCH OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Smith and Townsend (1907)
reported crown gall bacteria
Braun, 1947, reported tumor
inducing bacterium in plant
genome.
Zanen, 1974,identified Ti
plamid

26. BENEFITS
 Tissue culture makes us to understand how single
cells can differentiate and perform specific
functions.
 Tissue culture makes us to understand and make
use of the tissue culture to produce high-quality
plants in a short time with little to no disease or
virus.

27. WHY PLANT TISSUE CULTURE!!!
 One should go for tissue culture process for the
following reasons.
 Tissue culture raised plants are vigorous and fast
growing than conventional plants.
 High degree of uniformity than the conventionally
produced plants.
 The tissue culture plantlets are free from
diseases/pathogens.
 It is possible to multiply plants that are difficult to
propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
 Tissue culture plants yield better as they are produced
under optimum environment from selected mother
plants.

28. T
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