1. A+ Hardware Section 1.1 Storage Devices Made By : Gagandeep Singh

2. What you learn today CompTIA A+ 220-701 , Section 1.1 Categories of Storage Devices and Backup - FDD - HDD * Solid State Vs Magnetic - Optical Drives * CD/DVD/RW/ BLUERAY - Removable Storage * Tape Drive * Solid State (e.g. Thumb drive, flash, SD cards, USB) * External CD-RW and Hard Disk Drive * Hot-Swappable device and Non Hot-Swappable device.

3. FDD- Floppy Disk Drive

4. FDD- Floppy Disk Drive 8 inch Floppy Drive 5.25 inch Floppy Drive 3.5 inch Floppy Drive (1.44 Megabyte, 90mm)

6. While over time drive capacities have changed, today’s standard floppy disk drive size is 1.44 MB.

8. CD-R (and DVD-R) drives utilize a red-light laser to “burn” data onto blank optical discs.

9. CD and DVD-R media come in several different types:

10. CD-R – Write-Once discs, with a standard size of 700MBs.

11. CD-RW – Rewriteable discs, with a standard size of 700MBs.

13. Blu-Ray – Sony-proprietary optical disc storage medium. Can store high-definition video and audio at a capacity of 50 GB per disc (dual layer) and 25GB ( single layer).

15. PATA and SATA

18. Hard disks are measured in terms of capacity (typically in GB) and in speed (revolutions per minute, or RPMs).

20. ATA – Standard on most desktop computers; IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) and EIDE( Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics) ; cable is a flat, wide ribbon.

21. Serial ATA – Provides for faster communication speeds between hard drive and motherboard; it is not backward compatible with the ATA form factor.

23. Solid State Drives (SSD) Solid State Drives does not have moving parts. It have concept of memory chips. So that is why is very fast. Reading and writing is fast and expensive per GB basis. 100$ and 100$ spending to buy Solid State Drives. You can buy traditional HDD is same amount and you get 10 times space available on the system. Traditional HDD works slow as SSD. Solid State Drives - Such as thumb, flash and SD drives. Volatile storage (like RAM) utilized for extremely quick access speeds. These are usually used in small, hand-held devices.

24. Disk Geometry

26. Read/Write Heads

27. Head Sliders, Arms and Actuator

28. Spindle Motor

29. Connectors and Jumpers

30. Logic Board

32. The platters are composed of two main substances:

33. A substrate material that forms the majority of the platter and gives the platter a structure and rigidity.

35. The read/write heads are responsible for converting bits to magnetic pulses and storing them on the platter when data is written on the hard disk.

37. To perform its task effectively, the read/write head must be held in a fixed position relative to the surface it is reading and should also be allowed to move from track to track to allow access to the entire disk surface area. The surface on which the read/write heads are mounted is called the actuator assembly.

39. The head arms are all combined together into a single structure that is moved around the surface of the disk by the actuator.

44. IDE/ATA or its variant hard disks have a 40-pin connector at its back.

46. Slave Present

47. Cable Select

49. This hard disk LED is mounted on the computer case itself. In earlier computers a for the hard disk LED wire run to a two-pin connector on the hard disk itself.

50. Though this worked fine in case of single hard disk but becomes problem in case of systems having multiple hard disks.

52. In early hard disks all of the control logic for controlling the hard disk operations was placed into the controller plugged into the PC.

53. But with newer drives with advance features and high performance, the placing of control logic on the controllers becomes impractical.

56. The purpose of this cache is similar to that of other caches in the computer. This cache temporarily stores the results of recent reads from the disk, and also "pre-fetch" information that is likely to be requested in the near future.

57. The use of this cache greatly improves the hard disk performance by reducing the number of accesses to the hard disk.

59. Cylinders

60. Sectors per track

63. Each concentric circle is called track.

64. A set of all tracks of same diameter present on a head is called a cylinder. It is the number of cylinders that is used for measuring the drive geometry and not the number of tracks.

65. The number of cylinders in a drive and the number of tracks on a platter in a drive are exactly same.

67. Formatted using 1024 byte cluster

68. Formatted using 4096 byte cluster

69. MBR- Master Boot Record The first sector of the Hard Disk. - Usually only 512 bytes. Contains: - Table of primary partitions - Disk Signatures - Directions for starting the operating system.

70. Write Precompensation In the older hard disks, each sector contains the same number of tracks. The sectors present on the outside of a platter are physically longer than those closer to the center. Because of this difference in sizes of the sector make it difficult for the hard disk to write on sectors especially on the inner sectors. The older hard disks require some kind of adjustment while writing to the inner sectors. This adjustment is called Write Precompensation.

71. Sectors per track

73. This head will then land on the disk drive. However there is a possibility that the head lands on a cylinder that already contains data. This may result in disk damage.

75. Identifying IDE Data Bus

76. Identifying SATA Hard Disk Drive Data Bus

77. Identifying Floppy Disk Drive Data Bus

78. SCSI Hard Disk SCSI (often pronounced as “scuzzy”) stands for “Small Computer System Interface”. SCSI hard disks are generally used in servers and high-end workstations because of the following advantages: SCSI (often pronounced as “scuzzy”) stands for “Small Computer System Interface”. SCSI hard disks are generally used in servers and high-end workstations because of the following advantages: Improved performance over IDE and SATA in multitasking, multi-user environments. The ability to daisy-chain many drives on one computer

79. SCSI

80. SCSI

81. Serial ATA (SATA) Hard Disk Serial ATA (SATA) is the latest technology that is introduced to replace parallel IDE/ATA. SATA has several advantages over PATA, which are: Superior cabling and connectors Higher bandwidth Greater reliability

82. Question/Answer 1. Which of the following types of portable media offers the LARGEST storage capacity? A. DVD-DL B. CD-RW C. CD-R D. DVD-R Answer: A

83. Question/Answer