An Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways
Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable
Mechanical Splicing
Fusion Splicing
Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC
Indian Railway Telephone Exchange
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies
PDH
SDH
2. CONTENTS
1. About the Organisation
2. An Optical Fiber
3. Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways
4. Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable
5. Mechanical Splicing
6. Fusion Splicing
7. Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC
8. Indian Railway Telephone Exchange
9. Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies
10. PDH
11. SDH
3. ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
• RailTel Corporation of India Limited (RailTel) is a Government Department
that comes under the Ministry of Railways.
• The Corporation was formed in Sept 2000 with the objectives to create
nationwide Broadband Telecom and Multimedia Network in all parts of the
country, to modernize Train Control Operation and Safety System of Indian
Railways.
• RailTel has created state of the art multimedia telecom network using
SDH/DWDM based transmission systems.
• It generates much needed revenues for implementing Railways’
development projects, safety enhancement and asset replacement
programmes
4. OPTICAL FIBER
• An Optical Fiber is a long, thin strand made with pure glass
about the diameter of a human hair.
• OFC consists of Core, Cladding, Buffers and Jacket as shown in
figure.
5. Specifications Of Optical Fiber Cable Used
In Indian Railways
In Indian Railways, 24 Fibre armoured Optical Fiber Cable.
General Requirement Of Cable
The cable shall consist of 24 monomode fibres and shall be suitable for direct
underground burial as well as mechanized laying in the duct.
Service Condition
Optical Fibre cable shall be able to withstand the following environmental
conditions.
Ambient temperature 0 to + 550 C
Storage temperature -200 C to + 700 C
Overall Diameter
The overall diameter of the cable shall not be more than 20 mm and uniform
throughout the length from top to end.
Fibre & Unit Identification
Fibres are coloured with readily distinguishable durable colours. The 6 loose tubes
have the following colours :1-Blue,2-Orange,3-Green,4-Brown,5-Slate,6-White.
7. Methods for jointing of fibre optic cable
• There are two methods for jointing Optical fibre cable
1. SPLICING
2. USING CONNECTORS
• The splicing is further divided into two methods
1. Mechanical Splicing
2. Fusion Splicing
• Splicing is the process of connecting two bare fibres directly without any connectors.
• Splicing provide much lower insertion loss compared to fiber connectors that’s why
Splicing is preferred over the use of Connectors.
Fiber mechanical splicing – Insertion loss < 0.5dB
Fiber optic cable fusion splicing – Insertion loss < 0.1dB
8. MECHANICAL SPLICING
• Mechanical splices are used to create permanent joints
between two fibres by holding the fibres in an alignment
fixture and reducing loss and reflectance
• It uses a transparent gel or optical adhesive between the
fibres that matches the optical properties of the glass.
• Mechanical splices generally have higher loss and greater
reflectance than fusion splices, and
• Because the fibres are crimped to hold them in place, do not
have as good fiber retention or pull-out strength
9. FUSION SPLICING
• Fusion splicing is the process of fusing or welding
two fibres together usually by an electric arc.
• Fusion splicing is the most widely used method
of splicing
• It provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance
• It also provides the strongest and most reliable joint
between two fibres.
10. FUSION SPLICER
Splicing Machine Inserting a Fiber in the
Splicer after cutting
Alignment Check by the
Machine
After the approval of the
Alignment the fusion starts
12. Measurement using POWER METER
STEP 1- Connect the meters together using
the patch cord as shown in Figure 7.4.
Switch them on. Select the required
wavelength and, on the power meter, switch
to dBr mode. Wait until the readings are
stabilized. At this stage, the power meter
will indicate the incoming power level in
dBm. Set the power meter to dBr and it will
accept the incoming light level as the
reference level.
STEP 2- Connecting them to the system (
see Figure 7.5 ) Disconnect the fiber to
be tested at the transmitter and plug in
the light source. Connect the power
meter to the far end. The power meter
will immediately show a new figure such
as – 8.2 dBr. This is the loss over the
system.
13. OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
• OTDR uses a system similar to radar set, It sends out a light pulse and act on the
reflected light from the fiber.
• The OTDR can continuously
measure the returned power level
and hence figure out the losses on
the fiber link.
• A typical
OTDR trace
14. MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH USING OTDR
• WE can find the length of the fiber, If we know the speed of the light and
can measure the time taken for the light to travel along the fiber
15. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
• Telephone Exchange is a place where switching between two subscribers is done through
either manually or electronically. In addition to switching, signalling and controlling are
also done at “Exchange”
• A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched
telephone network or in large enterprises.
• Basics of Telephone Exchange
1. Main Distribution Frame
2. Card Frame
3. Mother Board
4. Power Supply Panel & Protective Devices
16. COMPONENTS OF AN EXCHANGE
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
It is the place where both external and internal cables are terminated. The cross
connection between the two cables conductors is done on the MDF and this is
done by means of jumper wires
It carries all the protective devices used in the exchange. They are Fuses, Heat
coils & Lightning protectors
The MDF is the most suitable place for testing purposes
Card Frame:
It contains different slots in which the nominated cards are to be inserted. It is
different in different types of exchanges.
Mother board:
It is basically a connectivity between different cards. It is a PCB with 1,2,3 layers.
Power supply panel:
It provides power supply to different cards in the exchange at different low D.C.
voltages. It also includes protective devices like fuses etc.
17. Main functional areas in Telephone
Exchange
(a) Switching Function: It provides a temporary path for simultaneous, bi-directional speech between:
i) Two subscribers connected to the same exchange. This is called as “Local switching”.
ii) Two subscribers connected to different exchanges. This is known as “Trunk switching”.
(b) Signalling function: The signalling function enables the various equipment in a network to
communicate with each other in order to establish and supervise the calls. It is of two types:
i) Subscriber line signalling: It enables a call to be set up, supervised and cleared within same exchange
ii) Inter exchange signalling: It enables a call to be set up, supervised and cleared between exchanges.
Card Frame in RAILTEL
Main Distribution Frame in RAILTEL
19. PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERERCHY
• Greek word ‘Plesio’ means Close so PDH the different stages of mux are almost
synchronous but not completely synchronous
• the PDH is a technology for transporting voice or data between multiple devices and
which are working with clock sources with accepted tolerance levels for
synchronisation
• PDH was built for Digital Transmission of Signals over Twisted Pair, Co-axial cable and
Microwave
• PCM is the technique used in PDH network which is based on the TDM
• PDH had different standards in different countries using different data rates at same
levels
21. LIMITATIONS OF PDH
1. Bit interleaving multiplexing
2. Lack of Flexibility
3. Lack of consensus on standards
4. Limited Network Management/debugging
5. Defined for selected topologies
6. Mode of Transmission
7. Less bandwidth compared to SDH
22. SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
• at each hierarchical level, synchronous transport module is formed with information
pay-load and overhead bits and a synchronizing mechanism is in-built to ensure all
network elements work to a master clock reference
• All the limitations of PDH are removed in SDH
SDH Multiplexers
used in RAILTEL
23. Building Blocks of SDH
• At each point there is a network element(NE)
• NE moves signals between optical fibres
• Each NE has 2 types of connectors – High speed connectors called LINES & low speed
connectors called Tributaries
• The building Block of SDH includes:
1. Regenerator
2. Terminal Multiplexer
3. Add/Drop Multiplexer
4. Digital Cross Connect
24. Building Blocks of SDH
Regenerates the Clock &
Amplitude of incoming
distorted & attenuated signal
Combines lower order SDH & PDH
signals to higher order
STM(synchronous Transport module)
It extracts & inserts information
into high speed SDH
It helps in increasing the aggregation as
we can connect any to any terminal
28. ADVANTAGES OF SDH
• SDH permits the mixing of the existing European and North American PDH
bit rates
• All SDH equipment is based on the use of a single master reference clock
source & hence SDH is synchronous
• Compatible with the majority of existing PDH bit rates
• SDH provides for extraction/insertion, of a lower order bit rate from a
higher order aggregate stream, without the need to de-multiplex in stages.
• SDH provides for a standard optical interface thus allowing the inter-
working of different manufacturer’s equipment
Hinweis der Redaktion
OTH-optical transport hierarchy
In the AUG-4 …adding 3 rows of RSOH(regenerator section overhead) & 5 rows of MSOH(multiplex section overhead) it will become STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module)
