3. The Rightly Guided Caliphs
The
First Caliph, Abu Bakr (632-634
A.C.)
The Second Caliph, 'Umar (634-644
A.C.)
The Third Caliph, Uthman (644-656
A.C.)
The Fourth Caliph, Ali (656-661 A.C.)
4. Islam Divides: Sunni and Shia
Muslims
Who
should succeed Prophet Muhammad?
Sunnis, believed in appointing the successor
under Arab tribal tradition
Shias, believed Muhammad's successor
should be from his family, and backed Ali Muhammad's cousin - who was also his sonin-law.
5. Growing Empire
Defeated Persia in A.D. 637 (Iraq/Iran)
Captured Jerusalem in A.D. 638
Conquered Central Asia, northern India,
and northern Africa
Early caliphs came from the Umayyad
family.
They moved their capital from Medina to
Damascus
7. Growing Empire
Many different factors contributed to the
growth of the Islamic empire:
1. The Muslims defeated many empires
around the Arabian peninsula
2. They made treaties with conquered
people
◦ Included rules for Jews and Christians
8. Trade Helps Islam Spread
Due
to Arabia’s crossroads location,
Muslim merchants had easy access to South
Asia, Europe, and Africa
Merchants
spread Islamic beliefs to India,
Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia
9. Muslims in Europe
•
•
•
•
Muslims invade Spain in A.D. 711
The army moved on into France
The Battle of Tours
Muslims rule parts of Spain for the next
700 years
10. New Products
Trade
brought new products to Muslim
lands
◦ Paper and gunpowder- came from China
◦ Cotton, rice, and oranges- came from India,
China, and Southeast Asia
◦ Ivory, cloves, and slaves- came from Africa
11. The Growth of Cities
In addition to bringing people, products,
and ideas together, trade also created
wealth, and cultural advancement
Two major cities:
1) Baghdad (Iraq)
2) Cordoba (Spain)
12. Baghdad (Iraq)
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Became the capital of the Islamic Empire in 762
Major trading and agricultural center
Known as “the round city” because walls
surrounded it.
Cultural center
Hospital
Observatory
Libraries
University
Many artists
Many writers
13. Cordoba (Spain)
1.
2.
•
•
•
•
3.
•
•
Became the capital of what is now Spain in A.D.
756
By the 900’s, Cordoba became the largest most
advanced city in Europe
Mansions and mosques
Busy markets and shops
Aqueducts
Public water and lighting
Center of learning
University
Arabic was the language of scholars
