presentation on hypothalamic & anterior pituitary hormone

1. Presentation
On
Hypothalamic & Anterior
Pituitary Hormones
Presented By:
Fayshal Ahamad
Batch: 21st
Department of Pharmacy
Dhaka International University

2. Hormones are chemical substances of intence
biological activity. They are secreted by
specific endocrine gladns and are transported in
the bloodstream to act on their distant target
organs.
Hormones regulate body functions and
maintain homeostasis in the face markedly
variable external and internal environment.

3. 1. Pituitary :
a) Anterior Pituitary:
 Growth hormone (GH)
 Prolactin
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotrophin)
 Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH, Thyrotrophin)
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Lutenizing hormone (LH)
b) Posterior Pituitary:
 Oxitocin
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
2. Thyroid:
 Thyroxine (T4),
 Triiodthyronine (T3)
 Calcitonin

4. 3. Parathyroid: Parathormone (PTH)
4. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans): Insulin, Glucagon
5. Adrenals:
a) Cortex
 Glucocorticoids (GCS): Hydrocortisone, Cortisone
 Mineralcorticoids:
b) Medulla: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline
6. Gonads: Testosterone, Estrogens, Progesterone
7. Hypothalamic hormones (factors):
 Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)
 Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
 Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Growth hormone releasing hormone: GHRH)
 Prolactin release inhibitory hormone (PRIH)
 Growth hormone release inhibitory hormone (GHRIH

6. The hypothalamus is a small but important area in the
center of the brain. It plays an important role in
hormone production and helps to stimulate many
important processes in the body and is located in the
brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus.

7. The hypophysial portal system is a system of blood vessels in the
microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the
anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange
hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and
anterior pituitary gland.

8. The hormones are synthesized & release from hypothalamus. It is
also found in spinal cord & gastrointestinal gland.
Function:
It stimulates Thyrotrophs cells of pituitary gland which is
responsible for production & secretion of TSH.

9. The hormone is secreted from hypothalamus. It is also secreted from
other part of brain, limbic system, cerebral cortex.
Function:
• The hormone are secreted from Hypothalamus which are travel to
anterior pituitary gland by hypophysial blood stream & help to release
Adenocorticotrophic (ACTH) from anterior pituitary gland. Which are
stimulates adrenal gland to release cortisol.
Hypothalamus
CRH
Anterior
Pituitary
Gland
Release ATCH
from pituitary
gland
ACTH stimulates
release of cortisol
from the cortex of
adrenal gland

10. • The portal blood carries the GnRH to the pituitary gland, which contains
the gonadotrope cells, where GnRH activates its own receptor, gonadotropin-
releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR that stimulates the beta isoform
of Phosphoinositide phospholipase C, which goes on to
mobilize calcium and protein kinase C. This results in the activation of proteins
involved in the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins LH and FSH.
GnRH is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized and released
from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus.
Function:
GnRH
Active GnRHR
(recetor)
Secretion of LH
& FSH from
pituitary gland
Gonadotrope
cells of pituitary
gland
Through Hypophysial
Portal blood

11. Growth hormone-releasing hormone is a hormone produced in
the hypothalamus. The main role of growth hormone-releasing hormone is to
stimulate the pituitary gland. to produce and release growth hormone into the
bloodstream.
The action of growth hormone-releasing hormone on the pituitary gland is
counteracted by somatostatin, a hormone also produced by the hypothalamus, which
prevents growth hormone release.
What happens if I have too much growth hormone-releasing hormone?
Too much growth hormone-releasing hormone production may be caused by
hypothalamic tumours or by tumours located in other parts of the body. The
consequence of too much growth hormone-releasing hormone is a rise in growth
hormone levels in the bloodstream and, in many cases, enlargement of the pituitary
gland.
In adults, excessive growth hormone for a long period of time produces a condition
known as acromegaly in which patients have swelling of the hands and feet and
altered facial features. These patients also have organ enlargement and serious
functional disorders such as high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease.

12. What happens if I have too little
growth hormone-releasing hormone?
If the hypothalamus produces too little growth hormone-
releasing hormone, the production and release of growth
hormone from the pituitary gland is impaired, leading to a
lack of growth hormone (adult-onset growth hormone
deficiency).
Childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency is associated
with growth failure and delayed physical maturity. In adults,
the most important consequences of reduced growth
hormone levels are changes in body structure (decreased
muscle and bone mass and increased body fat), tiredness,
being less lively and a poor health-related quality of life.

13. Somatostatin
Somatostatin secrets from hyothalamus and also from pancrease &
gastric mucosa. The main function of hypothalamic somatostatin
is inhibit growth hormone secretion from pituitary gland.
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (also
known as dopamine): PRH prompts the anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk
production through the production of prolactin. Conversely, PIH inhibits
prolactin, and thereby, milk production.

14. The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland, about the size of
a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the
bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.
Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help to control growth, blood
pressure, energy management, all functions of the sex organs, thyroid
glands and metabolism as well as some aspects
of pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, water/salt concentration at the kidneys,
temperature regulation and pain relief.

16. Hormones which are secrets from anterior
pituitary gland:
 Growth Hormone (GH)
 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Prolactin Hormone (PRL)
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

17. Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin or human
growth hormone, peptide hormone secreted by the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of
essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. GH is
synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells
called somatotrophs, which release between one and two
milligrams of the hormone each day. GH is vital for normal
physical growth in children; its levels rise progressively
during childhood and peak during the growth spurt that
occurs in puberty.

18. What happens when growth hormone increases?
In adults, excessive growth hormone for a long period of time
produces a condition known as acromegaly in which patients have
swelling of the hands and feet and altered facial features. These
patients also have organ enlargement and serious functional
disorders such as high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease.
What happens when growth hormone decreases?
Too little growth hormone (deficiency) results in poor growth in
children. In adults, it causes a reduced sense of wellbeing,
increased fat, increased risk of heart disease and weak heart,
muscles and bones.

19. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic
hormone, or abbreviated TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates
the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3)
which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
It is a glycoprotein hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior
pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid.
What happens if I have too much thyroid stimulating
hormone?
A simple blood test can measure thyroid stimulating hormone in the
circulation. If a person has too much, this may indicate that their thyroid
gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, that is, they have
an underactive thyroid gland or hypothyroidism. People with an
underactive thyroid often feel lethargic, experience weight gain and feel
the cold. Their thyroid gland may enlarge to produce a goitre.

20. What happens if I have too little thyroid
stimulating hormone?
If a person has too little thyroid stimulating
hormone, it is most likely that their thyroid gland is
making too much thyroid hormone, that is, they have
an overactive thyroid or Hyperthyroidism which is
suppressing the thyroid stimulating hormone. People with
an overactive thyroid have the opposite symptoms to those
with hypothyroidism, i.e. they lose weight (despite
increasing the amount they eat), feel too hot and can
experience palpitations or anxiety. They may also have a
slightly enlarged thyroid gland.

21. • Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin, is
a protein best known for its role in enabling
mammals (and birds), usually females, to produce
milk. It is influential in over 300 separate
processes in various vertebrates, including
humans. Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary
gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen
treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted
heavily in pulses in between these events.
Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism,
regulation of the immune system and pancreatic
development.

22. • Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a polypeptide tropic
hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland. It is also used as a medication and
diagnostic agent. ACTH is an important component
of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is
often produced in response to biological. Its principal
effects are increased production and release
of cortisol by the cortex of the adrenal gland.

23. Function:
• ACTH stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid
hormones from adrenal cortex cells, especially in the zona
fasciculata of the adrenal glands. ACTH acts by binding to cell
surface ACTH receptors, which are located primarily on
adrenocortical cells of the adrenal cortex. The ACTH receptor
is a seven-membrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor.
Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformation
changes that stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which
leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP and subsequent
activation of protein kinase A.
• ACTH influences steroid hormone secretion by both rapid
short-term mechanisms that take place within minutes and
slower long-term actions. The rapid actions of ACTH include
stimulation of cholesterol delivery to the mitochondria where
the P450scc enzyme is located.

24. What happens if you have too much
adrenocorticotropic hormone?
If too much ACTH is produced, this can lead to
high levels of cortisol in the body, also known
as Cushing syndrome. The most common
cause of increased ACTH production is a
benign pituitary tumor. When this is present,
the disorder is called Cushing disease.

25. • Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced
by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary
gland. In females, an acute rise of LH
triggers ovulation and development of the corpus
luteum. In males, where LH had also been
called interstitial cell–stimulating
hormone (ICSH) it stimulates Leydig
cell production of testosterone. It acts
synergistically with follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH).

26. Function:
 In Male:
For men, luteinizing hormone stimulates the production
of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes.
Testosterone, in turn, stimulates sperm production and
helps accentuate male characteristics — like a deep voice
or growth of facial hair.
 In Female:
In women, the hormone stimulates the ovaries to
produce oestradiol. Two weeks into a woman's cycle, a
surge in luteinizing hormone causes the ovaries to release
an egg during ovulation. If fertilization occurs, luteinizing
hormone will stimulate the corpus luteum, which produces
progesterone to sustain the pregnancy.

27. What problems can occur with luteinizing
hormone?
• People who have high levels of luteinizing hormone may
experience infertility, because the hormone directly impacts
the reproductive system. In women, luteinizing hormone
levels that are too high are often connected to polycystic
ovary syndrome, which creates inappropriate testosterone
levels. Some genetic conditions, like Turner
syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome, can cause high levels of
the hormone, as well. People with these conditions are often
unable to reproduce.
• Low levels of luteinizing hormone can also cause infertility,
because insufficient levels will limit the production of sperm
or the ovulation process. Too little luteinizing hormone stops
ovulation in women or creates a deficiency in
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in men.

28. • Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the gonadotrophic
hormones, the other being luteinising hormone. Both are
released by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream.
Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the hormones
essential to pubertal development and the function of
women’s ovaries and men’s testes. In women, this
hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in
the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle
at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production. In
men, follicle stimulating hormone acts on the Sertoli
cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production
(spermatogenesis).

29. What happens if I have too much follicle
stimulating hormone?
Most often, raised levels of follicle stimulating hormone are a sign
of malfunction in the ovary or testis. If the gonads fail to create
enough oestrogen, testosterone and/or inhibin, the correct
feedback control of follicle stimulating hormone production
from the pituitary gland is lost and the levels of both follicle
stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone will rise. This
condition is called hypergonadotrophic-hypogonadism, and is
associated with primary ovarian failure or testicular
failure. This is seen in conditions such as Klinefelter's
syndrome in men and Turner syndrome in women.
In women, follicle stimulating hormone levels also start to rise
naturally in women around the menopausal period, reflecting a
reduction in function of the ovaries and decline of oestrogen
and progesterone production.

30. What happens if I have too little follicle
stimulating hormone?
In women, a lack of follicle stimulating hormone leads to
incomplete development at puberty and poor ovarian function
(ovarian failure). In this situation ovarian follicles do not grow
properly and do not release an egg, thus leading to
infertility. Since levels of follicle stimulating hormone in the
bloodstream are low, this condition is called hypogonadotrophic-
hypogonadism. This is seen in a condition called Kallman’s
syndrome, which is associated with a reduced sense of smell.
Sufficient follicle stimulating hormone action is also needed for
proper sperm production. In the case of complete absence of
follicle stimulating hormone in men, lack of puberty and
infertility due to lack of sperm (azoospermia) can occur. Partial
follicle stimulating hormone deficiency in men can cause delayed
puberty and limited sperm production (oligozoospermia), but
fathering a child may still be possible. If the loss of follicle
stimulating hormone occurs after puberty, there will be a similar
loss of fertility.

31. Action of Hypothalamic releasing
hormones on Pituitry gland

32. Thank You