The Book of Hebrews

The Book of HebrewsThe Book of Hebrews
John Oakes,John Oakes,
APLA ManilaAPLA Manila
January, 2011January, 2011

IntroductionIntroduction
• Audience: Christians in general, but especiallyAudience: Christians in general, but especially
those who are of Jewish descentthose who are of Jewish descent
• Second generation disciples who are tempted toSecond generation disciples who are tempted to
lose heart in light of coming persecutions.lose heart in light of coming persecutions.
– Remember those earlier days… Hebrews 10:32Remember those earlier days… Hebrews 10:32
– A hint: Those who are from Italy greet you. Hebrews 13:24A hint: Those who are from Italy greet you. Hebrews 13:24
• Date of writing: AD 60-70, probably closer toDate of writing: AD 60-70, probably closer to
AD 70.AD 70.

Roman Emperor Nero
AD 54-68
Christian Persecutions AD 64
Roman Emperor Titus
AD 79-81
Destroyed Jerusalem
AD 70

The Roman Empire at the time of Hebrews ca. AD 68

By calling this covenant “new,” he
has made the first one obsolete;
and what is obsolete and aging will
soon disappear. Hebrews 8:13

IntroductionIntroduction cont.cont.
• Author of HebrewsAuthor of Hebrews
– Paul? Barnabus? Apollos? Aquila? Origen: Only God knows…Paul? Barnabus? Apollos? Aquila? Origen: Only God knows…
• Style of HebrewsStyle of Hebrews
– Not a letterNot a letter
– Transcript of a sermon?Transcript of a sermon?
– Very elegant GreekVery elegant Greek
– 30 direct quotes from OT. At least 70 other references to OT.30 direct quotes from OT. At least 70 other references to OT.
– Oscillates between theology and exhortationOscillates between theology and exhortation
• History of the textHistory of the text
– Not in the earliest canonical listsNot in the earliest canonical lists
– First quoted by Clement of Rome AD 96First quoted by Clement of Rome AD 96
– Origen and Clement of Alexandria: inspired but controversialOrigen and Clement of Alexandria: inspired but controversial

Introduction cont.Introduction cont.
• Purpose: To give heart to Christians who have enduredPurpose: To give heart to Christians who have endured
but are being tempted to waver in their faith.but are being tempted to waver in their faith.
– Warnings against “falling away.”Warnings against “falling away.”
• Theme: The preeminence of Jesus Christ!!!Theme: The preeminence of Jesus Christ!!!
– His deityHis deity
– The greatness of his ministryThe greatness of his ministry
– The greatness of his sacrificeThe greatness of his sacrifice
– The greatness of his covenantThe greatness of his covenant

Outline of HebrewsOutline of Hebrews
• 1:1-2:18 Jesus is greater than the angels:1:1-2:18 Jesus is greater than the angels: ThereforeTherefore let us paylet us pay
attention.attention.
• 3:1-4:13 Jesus is greater than Moses:3:1-4:13 Jesus is greater than Moses: ThereforeTherefore let us persevere.let us persevere.
• 4:14-6:12 The priesthood of Jesus is greater than the priesthood4:14-6:12 The priesthood of Jesus is greater than the priesthood
of Aaron:of Aaron: ThereforeTherefore let us move on to maturity.let us move on to maturity.
• 6:13-7:28 Jesus is the Great High Priest “in the order of6:13-7:28 Jesus is the Great High Priest “in the order of
Melchizedek.”Melchizedek.”
• 8:1-10:39 Jesus is the author of a better covenant than that of8:1-10:39 Jesus is the author of a better covenant than that of
Moses:Moses: ThereforeTherefore let us persevere to the end.let us persevere to the end.
• 11:1-12:29 A practical example of endurance: The faithful cloud11:1-12:29 A practical example of endurance: The faithful cloud
of witnesses:of witnesses: ThereforeTherefore accept God’s discipline in your life.accept God’s discipline in your life.
• 13:1-25 Summary and final advice.13:1-25 Summary and final advice.

Things to look for in HebrewsThings to look for in Hebrews
(Think about the purpose and the theme)(Think about the purpose and the theme)
• Things about Jesus which make him awesome.Things about Jesus which make him awesome.
– ““better” 13 times, “perfect” (teleon)15 times.better” 13 times, “perfect” (teleon)15 times.
• ““Let us” exhortations.Let us” exhortations.
– Hebrews 4:1 let us be carefulHebrews 4:1 let us be careful
– Hebrews 4:11 let us, therefore, make every effortHebrews 4:11 let us, therefore, make every effort
– Hebrews 4:14 let us hold firmly to the faith we professHebrews 4:14 let us hold firmly to the faith we profess
– Etc. Hebrews 4:16, 6:1, 10:22,23,24,25 12:1,2 12:28Etc. Hebrews 4:16, 6:1, 10:22,23,24,25 12:1,2 12:28
– 13:13, 1513:13, 15

Things to look for in Hebrews cont.Things to look for in Hebrews cont.
• The use of types, foreshadows and prefigures.The use of types, foreshadows and prefigures.
– Virtually everything familiar to the Jews (laws, priests, festivals,Virtually everything familiar to the Jews (laws, priests, festivals,
tabernacle, covenant) is a foreshadow/prophecy of what we have intabernacle, covenant) is a foreshadow/prophecy of what we have in
Jesus Christ.Jesus Christ.
– Examples: Hebrews 9:6-10 Hebrews 9:23-26Examples: Hebrews 9:6-10 Hebrews 9:23-26
• Warnings about losing our salvationWarnings about losing our salvation
– Hebrews 3:12-14, 6:4-12, 10:26-31, 35-39 and many more.Hebrews 3:12-14, 6:4-12, 10:26-31, 35-39 and many more.
• Eschatology: In these last days… Heb 1:2 Be prepared.Eschatology: In these last days… Heb 1:2 Be prepared.
• Assurance of salvation Heb 6:9-20, etc.Assurance of salvation Heb 6:9-20, etc.

Let’s Start!Let’s Start!
• Prologue: Hebrews 1:1-4Prologue: Hebrews 1:1-4
• In the past, God spoke through the prophets…In the past, God spoke through the prophets…
• But now, he speaks to us by his son!!!But now, he speaks to us by his son!!!
• Jesus is greater than the prophets.Jesus is greater than the prophets.
• The last days…The last days…
– Acts 2:15, 1 Pet 1:20, 1 Cor 10:11, 2 Tim 3:1Acts 2:15, 1 Pet 1:20, 1 Cor 10:11, 2 Tim 3:1
– Eschatology: The branch of theology which deals with end times,Eschatology: The branch of theology which deals with end times,
resurrection, judgment, etc.resurrection, judgment, etc.

Heb 1:2,3 The Greatness of God’s SonHeb 1:2,3 The Greatness of God’s Son
great, amazing, excellent, unique, overpowering, beautiful, impressive,great, amazing, excellent, unique, overpowering, beautiful, impressive,
beyond imagination, mind-blowing, jaw-dropping, spectacular,……beyond imagination, mind-blowing, jaw-dropping, spectacular,……
• He will inherit everything (Col 1:15, Romans 8:17)He will inherit everything (Col 1:15, Romans 8:17)
– Our inheritance is through his inheritance.Our inheritance is through his inheritance.
• The universe was made through (and for) Him. (John 1:3)The universe was made through (and for) Him. (John 1:3)
• He is the radiance of the glory of God. (John 8:12)He is the radiance of the glory of God. (John 8:12)
– Apaugasma =Apaugasma = effulgence, shining fortheffulgence, shining forth
• He is the image of God (John 1:18)He is the image of God (John 1:18)
– CharacterCharacter = wax seal, exact representation. God revealed himself.= wax seal, exact representation. God revealed himself.
• He sustains all thingsHe sustains all things
– beginning (Creator) middle (Sustainer) end (Inheritor) of all.beginning (Creator) middle (Sustainer) end (Inheritor) of all.
• He provided purification for sinHe provided purification for sin
• He mediates for us at God’s right handHe mediates for us at God’s right hand

1:4-14 Jesus is greater than the angels1:4-14 Jesus is greater than the angels
• Angel = messenger, mediator GreekAngel = messenger, mediator Greek aggeloiaggeloi HebrewHebrew
malakimmalakim
– Archangels Michael (Daniel 10:21) Gabriel (Daniel 8:16, Luke 1:19)Archangels Michael (Daniel 10:21) Gabriel (Daniel 8:16, Luke 1:19)
– Evil angels who controlled Greece and Persia (Daniel 10:20)Evil angels who controlled Greece and Persia (Daniel 10:20)
– An angel destroys Jerusalem (2 Sam 24)An angel destroys Jerusalem (2 Sam 24)
– Cherubim (Ezekiel 10, Genesis 3:24)Cherubim (Ezekiel 10, Genesis 3:24)
– Seraphim (Isaiah 6:6)Seraphim (Isaiah 6:6)
– Guardian angels (Matthew 18:10)Guardian angels (Matthew 18:10)
– Satan is a “fallen angel”?Satan is a “fallen angel”?
– Myriads upon myriads… (Daniel 7:10)Myriads upon myriads… (Daniel 7:10)
– Jewish ideas…Jewish ideas…

Why is Jesus greater than the angels?Why is Jesus greater than the angels?
• v. 5,6 A greater name (position, rank): God’s SONv. 5,6 A greater name (position, rank): God’s SON
• v. 7-11 Angels are temporary, changing (winds and fires),v. 7-11 Angels are temporary, changing (winds and fires),
but Jesus is unchanging and eternal.but Jesus is unchanging and eternal.
• v. 12,13 Angels are ministering spirits. Jesus is the onev. 12,13 Angels are ministering spirits. Jesus is the one
ministered to. Why worship a worshipper?ministered to. Why worship a worshipper?
• Application: Do not admire the messenger, admire theApplication: Do not admire the messenger, admire the
sender of the message; Jesus Christ.sender of the message; Jesus Christ.

2:1-18 Exhortation #1 Pay careful attention!2:1-18 Exhortation #1 Pay careful attention!
• ““pay attention” =pay attention” = prosecheinprosechein = to fix, moor a ship.= to fix, moor a ship.
• ““drift away” =drift away” = pararreinpararrein = to slip away, as with the tides, by= to slip away, as with the tides, by
careless inattention.careless inattention.
• violation =violation = parabasis =parabasis = outright rebellionoutright rebellion
• disobedience =disobedience = parakoe =parakoe = careless hearing or unwillingnesscareless hearing or unwillingness
to hearto hear
• The point: If the Jews had to pay attention to a LawThe point: If the Jews had to pay attention to a Law
delivered by angels, and if they faced capital punishmentdelivered by angels, and if they faced capital punishment
for not listening, how much more ought we to pay attentionfor not listening, how much more ought we to pay attention
to Jesus, and how much more great a punishment if we doto Jesus, and how much more great a punishment if we do
not.not.
• LISTEN UP!!!LISTEN UP!!!

Question:Question:
• How might we “ignore (neglect) such a
great salvation?”

Hebrews 2:5-19 A difficult little passage.Hebrews 2:5-19 A difficult little passage.
• v. 7 God made us humans a little lower than himselfv. 7 God made us humans a little lower than himself
elohimelohim
– God’s intent was that we have greatness and dominion!God’s intent was that we have greatness and dominion!
– ““him” throughout this section is us.him” throughout this section is us.
• v. 8,9 But unfortunately, that is not the case right now.v. 8,9 But unfortunately, that is not the case right now.
Our sin messed up everything.Our sin messed up everything.
• v. 9,10 Jesus came so that, through his death, we can bev. 9,10 Jesus came so that, through his death, we can be
restored to the glory God had in mind in the first place.restored to the glory God had in mind in the first place.

Because Jesus Became Like Us…Because Jesus Became Like Us…
• v.10 Because he suffered like us we are savedv.10 Because he suffered like us we are saved
• v. 11 Because he came here, we are “of the same family.”v. 11 Because he came here, we are “of the same family.”
• v. 14 Because he shared our humanity, we are no longerv. 14 Because he shared our humanity, we are no longer
slavesslaves
• v. 16 Because he is like us, he is a merciful high priest.v. 16 Because he is like us, he is a merciful high priest.
• v. 17 Because he suffered, he can relate and help those whov. 17 Because he suffered, he can relate and help those who
are tempted.are tempted.

2:10-18 The importance of Jesus’ humanity2:10-18 The importance of Jesus’ humanity
and his suffering.and his suffering.
• ArchegosArchegos Jesus is author, founder, pioneer, source, origin;Jesus is author, founder, pioneer, source, origin;
the one who goes first both to make and to point the waythe one who goes first both to make and to point the way
for us.for us.
• TeleiosTeleios Jesus is the perfecter, the completer. He is the oneJesus is the perfecter, the completer. He is the one
who points the way, but he is also the one who completeswho points the way, but he is also the one who completes
the journey toward perfection. He is our perfecter throughthe journey toward perfection. He is our perfecter through
suffering.suffering.
• In becoming human, Jesus forged a way for us into theIn becoming human, Jesus forged a way for us into the
presence of God.presence of God.
• The Point: Jesus is both the initiator and the completer ofThe Point: Jesus is both the initiator and the completer of
our salvation. Everything depends on Jesus, not us.our salvation. Everything depends on Jesus, not us.

Jesus is Greater Than MosesJesus is Greater Than Moses
• Hebrews 1:1-3 Jesus greater than all theHebrews 1:1-3 Jesus greater than all the
prophets before him.prophets before him.
• Hebrews 1:4-14 Jesus is greater than theHebrews 1:4-14 Jesus is greater than the
angels.angels.
• Hebrews 3:1-5 Jesus is greater than Moses.Hebrews 3:1-5 Jesus is greater than Moses.

Parallels Between Moses and Jesus

Moses

Jesus
Pharaoh tried to kill him

Herod tried to kill him
Called by God to leave Egypt Carried out of Egypt
Forty years in the wilderness to
prepare por his ministry
Forty days in the wilderness to
prepare for his ministry
Left his position with the king
of Egypt to dwell with the Jews
Left the right hand of the
Father to life with the Jews
Led Israel out of slavery in Egypt Leads Spiritual Israel out of sin
Aaron prepared the way

John the Baptist prepared the
way
Baptized Israel in the Red Sea
in order to free them
Commands baptism in water
for freedom from sin
Gave manna in the wilderness
(sort of)
Gives spiritual bread to all who
hunger
Gave water to the people in the
desert
Gives spiritual water: the
Holy Spirit
Spoke to God on Mt. Sinai Spoke to God on Mt. Hermon

Jesus: a new and better MosesJesus: a new and better Moses
• Moses a household servant (v.5) Jesus owns the house (v. 6)
• Moses faithful in God’s house Jesus faithful over God’s house
• Moses received the Law Jesus is the Law
• Moses gave them bread Jesus is the bread

Exhortation #2Exhortation #2
• Do not harden your hearts. (Hebrews 3:8)Do not harden your hearts. (Hebrews 3:8)
• Do not turn away. (Hebrews 3:12)Do not turn away. (Hebrews 3:12)
• Do not let your bodies fall in the desert. (HebrewsDo not let your bodies fall in the desert. (Hebrews
3:17)3:17)
• Do not fall short. (Hebrews 4:1)Do not fall short. (Hebrews 4:1)
• Make every effort to enterMake every effort to enter (do not rest). (Hebrews(do not rest). (Hebrews
4:11)4:11)

Historical type/antitype in the Exodus
OLD TESTAMENT
TYPE
NEW TESTAMENT
ANTITYPE
SLAVERY IN
EGYPT
LOST, SLAVE TO
SIN
WANDERING IN
THE WILDERNESS
SAVED, BUT
LIVING THE LIFE
OF A DISCIPLE
ENTERING THE
PROMISED LAND
ENTERING
HEAVEN

Our Goal:Our Goal:
• A Sabbath rest with God.A Sabbath rest with God. katapausiskatapausis
• Sabbath-rest = with God in heavenSabbath-rest = with God in heaven
• The point: You will rest in heaven. Do not startThe point: You will rest in heaven. Do not start
resting now!resting now!

Question: In what ways are you tempted toQuestion: In what ways are you tempted to
rest now, rather than in heaven?rest now, rather than in heaven?

What is at stake? Everything!What is at stake? Everything!
• They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5
• We have come to share in ChristWe have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly to the endif we hold firmly to the end
the confidence we had at first.the confidence we had at first. 3:143:14
• They were not able to enter because of their unbelief 3:19They were not able to enter because of their unbelief 3:19
• Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6
• So that no one will fall by following their example ofSo that no one will fall by following their example of
disobedience 4:11disobedience 4:11
• Do you get the point?Do you get the point?

How can we make our entrance more sure?How can we make our entrance more sure?
• Give and receive encouragement (Heb 3:12-14)Give and receive encouragement (Heb 3:12-14)
• Give yourself “no rest.” (Isaiah 62:1,6-7)Give yourself “no rest.” (Isaiah 62:1,6-7)
• Fear this! Fear of falling short (Heb 4:1)Fear this! Fear of falling short (Heb 4:1)
• Let the Word of God do its work (Heb 4:12-13)Let the Word of God do its work (Heb 4:12-13)

IV Jesus the Great High PriestIV Jesus the Great High Priest
• Like a High priest:Like a High priest:
– Can relate to us (Heb 4:15)Can relate to us (Heb 4:15)
– Makes intercession before God for us (Heb 4:16)Makes intercession before God for us (Heb 4:16)
– Offer gifts (fragrant offerings) and sacrifices (sin, guilt offering) (Heb 5:1)Offer gifts (fragrant offerings) and sacrifices (sin, guilt offering) (Heb 5:1)
– Selected by God from men (Heb 5:1,4-5)Selected by God from men (Heb 5:1,4-5)
– Represents man to God (Heb 5:1)Represents man to God (Heb 5:1)
• Greater than any High PriestGreater than any High Priest
– Serves in the Heavenly Tabernacle, not the earthly one. (Heb 4:14)Serves in the Heavenly Tabernacle, not the earthly one. (Heb 4:14)
– Tempted, yet was without sin. (Heb 4:15)Tempted, yet was without sin. (Heb 4:15)
– Did not need to offer sacrifices for his own sin. (Heb 5:3)Did not need to offer sacrifices for his own sin. (Heb 5:3)
– A priest forever (Heb 5:6)A priest forever (Heb 5:6)
– A priest from the order of Melchizedek (Heb 5:6)A priest from the order of Melchizedek (Heb 5:6)
– Brings us into the real inner sanctuary. (Heb 4:16)Brings us into the real inner sanctuary. (Heb 4:16)

A wonderful word…A wonderful word…
• metriopatheiametriopatheia Heb 5:2Heb 5:2
• Empathy, Sympathetic feeling,Empathy, Sympathetic feeling,
• Bear with people without becoming angryBear with people without becoming angry
• Completely unlike the Greek concept of GodCompletely unlike the Greek concept of God
• God cannot possibly feel anything or he is weak.God cannot possibly feel anything or he is weak.

Exhortation #3Exhortation #3
• Grow up!Grow up!
• Move on to maturity.Move on to maturity.
• Mature in life and docrine (1 Timothy 4:16)Mature in life and docrine (1 Timothy 4:16)
• Do not beDo not be nothrosnothros (slow-moving in mind, torpid, witlessly(slow-moving in mind, torpid, witlessly
forgetful, dull of hearing)forgetful, dull of hearing)
• Are you on a diet of milk?Are you on a diet of milk?
• Grow up both in the knowledge (v. 12) and the practice (v. 14)Grow up both in the knowledge (v. 12) and the practice (v. 14)
of holiness.of holiness.

The BasicsThe Basics
• a. repentancea. repentance
• b. faithb. faith
• c. baptismc. baptism
• d. the Holy Spiritd. the Holy Spirit
• e. Resurrectione. Resurrection
• f. Judgmentf. Judgment

Hebrews 6:4-6 Who is he talking to?Hebrews 6:4-6 Who is he talking to?
• a. been enlightened (NT church “enlightened” =a. been enlightened (NT church “enlightened” =
baptized)baptized)
• b. tasted the heavenly gift (salvation?)b. tasted the heavenly gift (salvation?)
• c. shared in the Holy Spiritc. shared in the Holy Spirit
• d. tasted the goodness of the wordd. tasted the goodness of the word
• e. tasted the coming age (saved)e. tasted the coming age (saved)
• Yes, you can fall away! Conclusion: You had betterYes, you can fall away! Conclusion: You had better
move on toward maturity in Christ.move on toward maturity in Christ.

Hebrews 6:4-8Hebrews 6:4-8
• It isIt is impossibleimpossible… if they fall away, to be brought back to… if they fall away, to be brought back to
repentance.repentance.
• They are crucifying the Son of God all over again.They are crucifying the Son of God all over again.
• Land that produces thorns… will be burned.Land that produces thorns… will be burned.

Falling AwayFalling Away
• Crucifying the Son of God all over again.Crucifying the Son of God all over again.
• Subjecting Jesus to public disgraceSubjecting Jesus to public disgrace
• Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)
• Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)
• Blasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (Matt 12:32)Blasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (Matt 12:32)
• Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16)Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16)
• What is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberatelyWhat is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberately
continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)

Q: What are “the things which accompanyQ: What are “the things which accompany
salvation?” (Heb 6:9)salvation?” (Heb 6:9)

The solutionThe solution
• Grow. Move on to maturity. (5:11-6:4)Grow. Move on to maturity. (5:11-6:4)
• Persevere in your faith. (6:9-6:20)Persevere in your faith. (6:9-6:20)
Hebrews 6:9-20 God’s Assurance
Two unchangeable things:
God’s Word
God’s Oath (Genesis 22:16-18)
Jesus, your anchor, is behind the veil with
the Father

Four things which are impossible for God to doFour things which are impossible for God to do
• Bring us to renewed repentance once we have fallenBring us to renewed repentance once we have fallen
away. (Hebrews 6:4)away. (Hebrews 6:4)
• For him to lie. (Hebrews 6:18)For him to lie. (Hebrews 6:18)
• For the blood of bulls and goats to forgive sinsFor the blood of bulls and goats to forgive sins
(Hebrews 10:4)(Hebrews 10:4)
• For us to please God without faith (Hebrews 11:6)For us to please God without faith (Hebrews 11:6)

V. The Priesthood of Jesus is greater thanV. The Priesthood of Jesus is greater than
the Levitical/Aaronic Priesthood.the Levitical/Aaronic Priesthood.
I Jesus is greater than all the prophetsI Jesus is greater than all the prophets
II Jesus is greater than the angelsII Jesus is greater than the angels
III Jesus is greater than MosesIII Jesus is greater than Moses
IV Jesus the great High PriestIV Jesus the great High Priest
V The Priesthood of Melchizedek is greater than theV The Priesthood of Melchizedek is greater than the
Priesthood of AaronPriesthood of Aaron
VI (and Jesus is greater than Abraham)VI (and Jesus is greater than Abraham)

Melchizedek: An interesting guy!Melchizedek: An interesting guy!
• Without genealogy, without descendents. (Hebrews 7:3)Without genealogy, without descendents. (Hebrews 7:3)
• ““Without beginning of days or end of life” (Hebrews 7:3)Without beginning of days or end of life” (Hebrews 7:3)
• A priest forever. (Hebrews 7:3, Psalm 110:4)A priest forever. (Hebrews 7:3, Psalm 110:4)
• The King of Salem (Jerusalem) (Genesis 14:18)The King of Salem (Jerusalem) (Genesis 14:18)
• A priest, but not of the family of Levi. (Heb 7:6)A priest, but not of the family of Levi. (Heb 7:6)
• He blessed Abraham. (Genesis 14:19)He blessed Abraham. (Genesis 14:19)
• Abraham offered him a tithe/sacrifice (Genesis 14:20).Abraham offered him a tithe/sacrifice (Genesis 14:20).
• A priest “forever” (Heb 7:3, Psalm 110:4)A priest “forever” (Heb 7:3, Psalm 110:4)

Melchizedek: Prefigure of ChristMelchizedek: Prefigure of Christ
• Melchizedek means King of Righteousness.Melchizedek means King of Righteousness.
• King of Salem means King (prince?) of Peace.King of Salem means King (prince?) of Peace.
• The King of physical Jerusalem.The King of physical Jerusalem.
• Without beginning or end of days.Without beginning or end of days.
• Without descendants.Without descendants.
• High Priest because of his character, not by descent.High Priest because of his character, not by descent.
• Greater than Abraham (Heb 7:4, John 8:53-58).Greater than Abraham (Heb 7:4, John 8:53-58).
• Gave Abraham bread and wine (last supper, Lord’s Supper)Gave Abraham bread and wine (last supper, Lord’s Supper)
• Not a Levite (not even a Jew!)Not a Levite (not even a Jew!)
• A priest for everyone; not just for the Jews.A priest for everyone; not just for the Jews.
• A priest and a king.A priest and a king.

What is a Priest?What is a Priest?
• AA PontifexPontifex Literally, a bridge-builder. A mediator. AnLiterally, a bridge-builder. A mediator. An
advocate. A representative. One who give access.advocate. A representative. One who give access.
• The bridge before Jesus:The bridge before Jesus:
– The LawThe Law
– The Priest and the Sacrificial SystemThe Priest and the Sacrificial System
– But they did not work, and that is the point of Hebrews 7-9But they did not work, and that is the point of Hebrews 7-9

The Argument of the Hebrew WriterThe Argument of the Hebrew Writer
• Abraham offered him a tithe/sacrifice The lesserAbraham offered him a tithe/sacrifice The lesser
priesthood (Abraham, Levi) offers to the greaterpriesthood (Abraham, Levi) offers to the greater
(Melchizedek, Jesus). Hebrews 7:5-9.(Melchizedek, Jesus). Hebrews 7:5-9.
• This prefigures the fact that a new priesthood and a newThis prefigures the fact that a new priesthood and a new
law was required. Hebrews 7:11-16law was required. Hebrews 7:11-16
• Why? The old priests died (v. 23-25), and they were notWhy? The old priests died (v. 23-25), and they were not
perfect (v. 26-28).perfect (v. 26-28).
• Melchizedek a priest forever by an oath from GodMelchizedek a priest forever by an oath from God
(remember Hebrews 6:17-18) Hebrews 7:21-22.(remember Hebrews 6:17-18) Hebrews 7:21-22.

Conclusion:Conclusion:
• Hebrews 7:28 The law appoints as high priestsHebrews 7:28 The law appoints as high priests
men who are weak, but the oath, which camemen who are weak, but the oath, which came
after the law, appointed the Son, who has beenafter the law, appointed the Son, who has been
made perfect forever.made perfect forever.
• Hebrews 7:22 Jesus has become the guaranteeHebrews 7:22 Jesus has become the guarantee
of a better covenant.of a better covenant.

The Greatness of JesusThe Greatness of Jesus
V The Priesthood of Melchizedek (and therefore of Jesus) isV The Priesthood of Melchizedek (and therefore of Jesus) is
superior to the Priesthood of Aaronsuperior to the Priesthood of Aaron
VI Jesus is greater than AbrahamVI Jesus is greater than Abraham
VII The New Covenant (in and through Jesus) is superior to theVII The New Covenant (in and through Jesus) is superior to the
Old Covenant (through Moses)Old Covenant (through Moses)
VIII The heavenly Tabernacle is greater than the earthly Tabernacle.VIII The heavenly Tabernacle is greater than the earthly Tabernacle.
IX The sacrifice of Jesus is of far greater worth than the OTIX The sacrifice of Jesus is of far greater worth than the OT
sacrificessacrifices

Exhortations In HebrewsExhortations In Hebrews
• Exhortation #1 Pay attention Heb 2:1-18Exhortation #1 Pay attention Heb 2:1-18
• Exhortation #2 Do not turn back. Persevere Heb 3:6-4:13Exhortation #2 Do not turn back. Persevere Heb 3:6-4:13
• Exhortation #3 Grow up. Become mature Heb 5:11-6:20Exhortation #3 Grow up. Become mature Heb 5:11-6:20
• Exhortation #4 Summary exhortation. Hebrews 10:19-12:29Exhortation #4 Summary exhortation. Hebrews 10:19-12:29

Chapter 8 & 9 From Shadow to RealityChapter 8 & 9 From Shadow to Reality
Hebrews 10:1Hebrews 10:1
• We have already seen that the Aaronic priesthood was aWe have already seen that the Aaronic priesthood was a
foreshadow of Jesus’ priesthood.foreshadow of Jesus’ priesthood.
Therefore;Therefore;
• The First Covenant was a foreshadow of the NewThe First Covenant was a foreshadow of the New
Covenant (ch 8).Covenant (ch 8).
• The Jewish Tabernacle was a foreshadow of theThe Jewish Tabernacle was a foreshadow of the
Heavenly Tabernacle (Hebrews 9:1-11).Heavenly Tabernacle (Hebrews 9:1-11).
• Old Covenant sacrifices were a foreshadow of NewOld Covenant sacrifices were a foreshadow of New
Covenant sacrifice: The blood of Jesus. (Hebrews 9:12-Covenant sacrifice: The blood of Jesus. (Hebrews 9:12-
10:18)10:18)

Type and Antitype in the First and Second Covenants

Prefigure in the Law of Moses

Realization in the Law of Christ
Obedience to physically defined
rules required.
Obedience to spiritual
principles required.
Physical blessings promised.

Spiritual blessings promised.
Ceremonial uncleanness.

Sin and separation from God.
Sacrifice bridges the chasm
between law and effort.
Sacrifice bridges the chasm
between law and effort.
Sealed with the blood of bulls
and goats.
Sealed with the blood of Jesus
Christ.
Mediated by a High Priest.

Mediated by THE High Priest,
Jesus Christ.
Laws, rules and regulations for
behavior.
Behavior based on spiritual
principle and love.
Tithing. Sacrifice and giving from the
heart.
Sabbath.

Come…. I will give you rest.
Relying on Jesus.
Death.

Life.

Hebrews 8 A Better CovenantHebrews 8 A Better Covenant
• 8:5 A copy (8:5 A copy (hupodeigmahupodeigma sketch-plan, diorama) and asketch-plan, diorama) and a
shadow (shadow (skiaskia shadow, reflection silhouette)shadow, reflection silhouette)
• 8:3 Better gifts and better sacrifices8:3 Better gifts and better sacrifices
• 8:5 Follow the exact pattern.8:5 Follow the exact pattern.
• 8:6-12 A better covenant8:6-12 A better covenant
• 8:13 The old covenant is about to disapear (AD 70)8:13 The old covenant is about to disapear (AD 70)

Type/Antitype Relationships in the Tabernacle

ITEM IN TABERNACLE
OR TEMPLE

ANTITYPE IN THE NEW
COVENANT
SCRIPTURE REFERENCE
The tabernacle itself God dwelling with his
people
John 14:1-3, John 1:14J. Rev
1:13
The bronze altar of
sacrifice
The sacrifice of Jesus for
sins

The basin/laver

Baptism
The show bread

The bread of life, Jesus
Christ

The lampstand

The Holy Spirit Zechariah 4:1-6
The altar of incense The prayers of the saints Revelation 5:8
The blue, purple and
scarlet yarn
The heavens, the kingship
of God, the blood of Jesus

The curtain Separation from God Matthew 27:51
The ark of the covenant The presence of God
The Mercy Seat

The grace of God
The Cherubim

Hebrews 9:14
Titus 3:5
John 6:48-51
Psalm 132:7,8
The angels in heaven Ezekiel 10:15-22

Model of The Jewish Tabernacle

Hebrews 9:1-11 A Better TabernacleHebrews 9:1-11 A Better Tabernacle
• Holy Place, table, menorah, incense altar, curtain, ark,Holy Place, table, menorah, incense altar, curtain, ark,
mercy seat, cherubim, etc…mercy seat, cherubim, etc…
• These are only physical things.These are only physical things.
• 9:7 Only for sins committed “in ignorance.”9:7 Only for sins committed “in ignorance.”
• 9:11 Jesus Christ is in a much better tabernacle—one in9:11 Jesus Christ is in a much better tabernacle—one in
heaven!heaven!

Coming Into the Presence of GodComing Into the Presence of God
• The Jewish men could only come up to the gate.The Jewish men could only come up to the gate.
• The Levites could only come into the courtyard.The Levites could only come into the courtyard.
• The Priests could enter the Holy Place.The Priests could enter the Holy Place.
• The High Priest could enter the Holy of Holies one day aThe High Priest could enter the Holy of Holies one day a
year, for just a few minutes, after sprinkling blood all overyear, for just a few minutes, after sprinkling blood all over
the Holy Place and into the Holy of Holies for his own sin.the Holy Place and into the Holy of Holies for his own sin.
• Us: Hebrews 10:19Us: Hebrews 10:19

First Covenant Festivals as Types
Jewish Festival Antitype in the Christian Life
Passover (pesach) The Sacrificial Death of Jesus Christ
Feast of Firstfruits The Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Feast of Unleavened Bread Celebrating Being Free of Sin in
Our Lives
Feast of Weeks/Pentecost
(shavoat)
The Giving of the Holy Spirit
and the Initiation of the Church
Feast of Trumpets (rosh
hashanah)
Judgement Day, Jesus Coming
Back
Day of Atonement (yom kippur) The Day We Were Saved—
Spiritual Birthday
Feast of Booths
(Tabernacles)
Celebrating Life in Fellowship
with God

Passover/Pesach (Exodus 12:24-28)
• Under a death sentenceUnder a death sentence
• Pure, undefiled Passover lamb (1 Cor 5:7-8)Pure, undefiled Passover lamb (1 Cor 5:7-8)
• Blood sprinkled on the wooden beam above the door.Blood sprinkled on the wooden beam above the door.
• A remembrance of salvation from deathA remembrance of salvation from death
• A remembrance of salvation from slaveryA remembrance of salvation from slavery
• No bone brokenNo bone broken
• Remove all the leaven (1 Cor 5:7)Remove all the leaven (1 Cor 5:7)

Feast of Trumpets Rosh Hashanah/Yom Teruah
• A foreshadow of the Return of Jesus.A foreshadow of the Return of Jesus.
– Matt 25:30-31, I Thess 4:13-14 Trumpet call.Matt 25:30-31, I Thess 4:13-14 Trumpet call.
• A foreshadow of Judgment DayA foreshadow of Judgment Day
• Rabbis: Stay awake all night so you will be prepared.Rabbis: Stay awake all night so you will be prepared.

The Day of Atonement Yom Kippur
Sacrificial goat and scape goat.
Sins laid on sacrificial goat, killed
outside the camp.
Prefigure of the salvation of
Jesus.

Feast of Firstfruits
• A harvest festival when there was no harvest.A harvest festival when there was no harvest.
• A promise of a future harvest.A promise of a future harvest.
• A foreshadow of the final resurrection.A foreshadow of the final resurrection.
• A prefigure of the resurrection of Jesus.A prefigure of the resurrection of Jesus.
• Coll 1:18 The first born from among the dead.Coll 1:18 The first born from among the dead.

Q: Were the Jews saved by observing the commandsQ: Were the Jews saved by observing the commands
given to Moses?given to Moses?
• Hebrews 10:4 It is impossible for the blood of bulls and goatsHebrews 10:4 It is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats
to take away sins.to take away sins.
• Hebrews 10:11 …the same sacrifices which can never take awayHebrews 10:11 …the same sacrifices which can never take away
sins…sins…
• Rev 13:8 From God’s perspective, Jesus was slain from theRev 13:8 From God’s perspective, Jesus was slain from the
creation of the world.creation of the world.
• Answer: yes…. and no…..Answer: yes…. and no…..

Sacrificial Type and Antitype

Old Testament
Sacrifice
New Testament
fulfillment
Scriptures

Sweet Savor
Offerings
(gifts)
The Burnt
Offering
Jesus’ and our
devotion to God

Ephesians 5:1,2
Romans 12:1,2
The Grain Offering Giving back a
contribution to God
Matthew 6:19-21
Romans 8,9
The Drink Offering Pouring out our life for
God

Luke 22:20
Philippians 2:16
The Fellowship
Offering
Celebrating our
blessings from God
John 10:10
1 Thess 5:16
Blood
Sacrifices
The Sin Offering Jesus’ sacrifice for
our sins
1 Peter 1:18,19
2 Corinthians 5:21
The Guilt
Offering
Maintaining a
relationship with
one another
Matthew 5:23,24

Hebrews 9:12-10:18 A better sacrificeHebrews 9:12-10:18 A better sacrifice
• 9:12 “The blood of bulls and goats” Yom Kippur9:12 “The blood of bulls and goats” Yom Kippur
• 9:12 “ashes of a heifer” The Red Heifer Sacrifice9:12 “ashes of a heifer” The Red Heifer Sacrifice
• These things never worked to remove sin. They were only aThese things never worked to remove sin. They were only a
matter of ceremonial cleanness.matter of ceremonial cleanness.
• The Day of Atonement was only a shadow. The real Day ofThe Day of Atonement was only a shadow. The real Day of
Atonement was when Jesus died on the cross and when weAtonement was when Jesus died on the cross and when we
accept that sacrifice by being baptized.accept that sacrifice by being baptized.
• 9:169:16 diathekediatheke (will) vs(will) vs sunthekesuntheke contractcontract
• 9:22 Without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness9:22 Without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness
• 9:25 An eternal sacrifice. It does not need to be repeated.9:25 An eternal sacrifice. It does not need to be repeated.

The Red Heifer Sacrifice as a PrefigureThe Red Heifer Sacrifice as a Prefigure
The Red Heifer SacrificeThe Red Heifer Sacrifice The Sacrifice of JesusThe Sacrifice of Jesus
A very rare red heiferA very rare red heifer A unique sonA unique son
Sacrificed outside the campSacrificed outside the camp
(on the Mount of Olives)(on the Mount of Olives)
Sacrificed outside the campSacrificed outside the camp
(on the Mount of Olives)(on the Mount of Olives)
To purify both Jews and GentilesTo purify both Jews and Gentiles To purify both Jews and GentilesTo purify both Jews and Gentiles
A sacrifice without blemish (not evenA sacrifice without blemish (not even
one black hair!)one black hair!)
A sacrifice without blemishA sacrifice without blemish
Never been yoked (voluntary, notNever been yoked (voluntary, not
sinned)sinned)
A voluntary sacrifice, without sinA voluntary sacrifice, without sin
Scarlet wool and woodScarlet wool and wood Blood on woodBlood on wood
Hyssop (purification from infection)Hyssop (purification from infection) Purifies from the infection of sinPurifies from the infection of sin
Combines ashes from sacrifice withCombines ashes from sacrifice with
water for purification.water for purification.
Combine the blood of Jesus withCombine the blood of Jesus with
baptism for purificationbaptism for purification

A Better SacrificeA Better Sacrifice
Hebrews 9:23 It was necessary, then, for the copies of the heavenly thingsHebrews 9:23 It was necessary, then, for the copies of the heavenly things
to be purified with these sacrifices, but the heavenly things with betterto be purified with these sacrifices, but the heavenly things with better
sacrifices than thesesacrifices than these
The lesser sacrifice (bulls,
goats, ashes of heifer)
The better sacrifice (Jesus)
Outward (appearance) Inward (spiritual)
Temporary (repeated many
times)
Eternal (only done once)
Ceremonial Real
Not voluntary Voluntary
Mechanical Spontaneous
Unaware Rational, aware

The Greatness of JesusThe Greatness of Jesus
V The Priesthood of Melchizedek is superior to the Priesthood ofV The Priesthood of Melchizedek is superior to the Priesthood of
AaronAaron
VI Jesus is greater than AbrahamVI Jesus is greater than Abraham
VII The New Covenant (in and through Jesus) is superior to theVII The New Covenant (in and through Jesus) is superior to the
Old Covenant (through Moses)Old Covenant (through Moses)
VIII The heavenly Tabernacle is greater than the earthly Tabernacle.VIII The heavenly Tabernacle is greater than the earthly Tabernacle.
IX The sacrifice of Jesus is of far greater worth than the OTIX The sacrifice of Jesus is of far greater worth than the OT
sacrificessacrifices

Exhortation #4 A Summary ExhortationExhortation #4 A Summary Exhortation
• Exhortation #1 Pay attention Heb 2:1-18Exhortation #1 Pay attention Heb 2:1-18
• Exhortation #2 Do not turn back. Persevere Heb 3:6-4:13Exhortation #2 Do not turn back. Persevere Heb 3:6-4:13
• Exhortation #3 Grow up. Become mature Heb 5:11-6:20Exhortation #3 Grow up. Become mature Heb 5:11-6:20
• Exhortation #4 Summary exhortation. Hebrews 10:19-12:29Exhortation #4 Summary exhortation. Hebrews 10:19-12:29

Salad time!Salad time!
• 10:2210:22 Let usLet us draw near [to God]draw near [to God]
• 10:2310:23 Let usLet us hold to our confession of hopehold to our confession of hope
without waveringwithout wavering
• 10:2410:24 Let usLet us be concerned about one anotherbe concerned about one another
and encourage one another toward love andand encourage one another toward love and
good deedsgood deeds
• 10:2510:25 Let usLet us not stop meeting together.not stop meeting together.
• 10:2510:25 Let usLet us encourage one another.encourage one another.

Hebrews 10:26-31 The Horror of SinHebrews 10:26-31 The Horror of Sin
• hekousishekousis deliberate, habitual, willfuldeliberate, habitual, willful
• Deuteronomy 17:2-7 How much more we….Deuteronomy 17:2-7 How much more we….
• Deuteronomy 32:35 Vengeance of GodDeuteronomy 32:35 Vengeance of God
• Romans 12:19 Vengeance on our part?Romans 12:19 Vengeance on our part?

Falling Away Hebrews 10:26-31Falling Away Hebrews 10:26-31
• Crucifying the Son of God all over again.Crucifying the Son of God all over again.
• Subjecting Jesus to public disgraceSubjecting Jesus to public disgrace
• Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)
• Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)
• Blasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (Matt 12:32)Blasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (Matt 12:32)
• Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16 )Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16 )
• What is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberatelyWhat is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberately
continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)

Hebrews 11 Heroes of the FaithHebrews 11 Heroes of the Faith
The key to perseverence is faithThe key to perseverence is faith
• Hebrews 11:1, 11:6 Definition of faithHebrews 11:1, 11:6 Definition of faith
• Faith is believing the facts of the Bible.Faith is believing the facts of the Bible.
• Faith is trusting the promises of the Bible.Faith is trusting the promises of the Bible.
• Faith is obeying the commands in the Bible.Faith is obeying the commands in the Bible.
• Heb 11:1 Faith is being certain of what we do not see.Heb 11:1 Faith is being certain of what we do not see.
It requires that we deny our senses.It requires that we deny our senses.

Why were these men and women commended byWhy were these men and women commended by
God?God?
• They refused what the world calls greatness and stakedThey refused what the world calls greatness and staked
everything on God.everything on God.
• They chose what is unseen rather than what is seen.They chose what is unseen rather than what is seen.
Lesson: In many ways, our worst enemy is success andLesson: In many ways, our worst enemy is success and
prosperity. What the world seeks is what will destroyprosperity. What the world seeks is what will destroy
everything that is important.everything that is important.
Example: Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego Daniel Ch. 3Example: Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego Daniel Ch. 3

By Faith….By Faith….
• By faith Abel gave a better sacrifice.By faith Abel gave a better sacrifice.
• By faith Enoch pleased God.By faith Enoch pleased God.
• By faith Noah built the ark, condemned the world and saved hisBy faith Noah built the ark, condemned the world and saved his
family.family.
• By faith Abraham left everything behind….By faith Abraham left everything behind….
• By faith Abraham became the father of many nations.By faith Abraham became the father of many nations.
• By faith Abraham offered up his one and only son.By faith Abraham offered up his one and only son.
• By faith Moses gave up worldly success and fortune.By faith Moses gave up worldly success and fortune.
• By faith Moses saved Israel.By faith Moses saved Israel.
• By faith the walls of Jericho fell.By faith the walls of Jericho fell.
• By faith ordinary people did great things for God.By faith ordinary people did great things for God.

Those of whom the world was not worthyThose of whom the world was not worthy
• Hebrews 11:13 Still living by faith (not by sight) when theyHebrews 11:13 Still living by faith (not by sight) when they
died.died.
• xenoixenoi foriegners, aliens, strangers, refugees in this world.foriegners, aliens, strangers, refugees in this world.
• parepidemosparepidemos sojourners, temporary residents, green cardsojourners, temporary residents, green card
holders, people who do not put down roots.holders, people who do not put down roots.
• Lived by faith despite never seeing the promise fulfilled.Lived by faith despite never seeing the promise fulfilled.
• Therefore, God is not ashamed to call them his.Therefore, God is not ashamed to call them his.

More Men and Women of FaithMore Men and Women of Faith
• Shut the mouths of lions: Daniel.Shut the mouths of lions: Daniel.
• Quenched the fury of the flames: Shadrach, Meshach andQuenched the fury of the flames: Shadrach, Meshach and
AbednegoAbednego
• Escaped the edge of the sword: ElijahEscaped the edge of the sword: Elijah
• Women received back their dead: Elijah (1 Kings 17:17) andWomen received back their dead: Elijah (1 Kings 17:17) and
Elisha (2 Kings 4:8Elisha (2 Kings 4:8
• Stoned: Zechariah (2 Chron 24:20-22)Stoned: Zechariah (2 Chron 24:20-22)
• Sawn in two: Isaiah (Jewish legend)Sawn in two: Isaiah (Jewish legend)
• Put to death by the sword: (1 and 2 Maccabees)Put to death by the sword: (1 and 2 Maccabees)
• None of them received what was promised in theirNone of them received what was promised in their
lifetimes. None!!!lifetimes. None!!!

Hebrews Ch. 12 If They Can DoHebrews Ch. 12 If They Can Do It, So Can WeIt, So Can We
• Throw off what hinders: sin! (v. 1)Throw off what hinders: sin! (v. 1)
– What are you unwilling ot throw off?What are you unwilling ot throw off?
• Run with perseverence (v. 1)Run with perseverence (v. 1)
• Keep your eyes on the goal: in heaven with Jesus. (v. 2)Keep your eyes on the goal: in heaven with Jesus. (v. 2)
• Look at Jesus (and the cloud of faithful witnesses) (v. 2-3)Look at Jesus (and the cloud of faithful witnesses) (v. 2-3)
– The pioneer, trail blazer,The pioneer, trail blazer, archegos.archegos.
– The perfector, completer, race-finisher,The perfector, completer, race-finisher, teleios.teleios.
• Despise the shame of the cross (v. 4)Despise the shame of the cross (v. 4)
• Accept hardship as discipline from a loving father/God. (v. 5-11)Accept hardship as discipline from a loving father/God. (v. 5-11)
• Live at peace with all men, and do not let bitterness take root inLive at peace with all men, and do not let bitterness take root in
your life. (v. 14-17).your life. (v. 14-17).
– Do not harbor any sin—even a “small” one. Be holy (v. 14)Do not harbor any sin—even a “small” one. Be holy (v. 14)

Attitudes Toward Discipline are ImportantAttitudes Toward Discipline are Important
• Accept it with resignation.Accept it with resignation.
• Accept it and get it over with as soon as possible.Accept it and get it over with as soon as possible.
• Accept it with a “woe is me” attitude.Accept it with a “woe is me” attitude.
• Accept it but think of it as punishment.Accept it but think of it as punishment.
• Accept it as it is; discipline given reluctantly by a lovingAccept it as it is; discipline given reluctantly by a loving
Father who cares about you.Father who cares about you.

Esau:Esau:
A prefigure of Those Who Sell Out to the WorldA prefigure of Those Who Sell Out to the World
• Genesis 25:27-33.Genesis 25:27-33.
• Esau sold his birthright (as first son) for a bowl of lentilEsau sold his birthright (as first son) for a bowl of lentil
stew.stew.
• What will you sell your birthright for? Is it worth it?What will you sell your birthright for? Is it worth it?
• Later, Esau could not repent, even though he wanted to.Later, Esau could not repent, even though he wanted to.
• A stern warning against falling away.A stern warning against falling away.

The Mountain of the LordThe Mountain of the Lord
A Summary of the Whole ArgumentA Summary of the Whole Argument
• Blazing fire, darkness, gloom, blast of a trumpet. Do notBlazing fire, darkness, gloom, blast of a trumpet. Do not
touch the mountain. (Hebrews 12:18-21)touch the mountain. (Hebrews 12:18-21)
• Terror!Terror!
• Exodus 19. The giving of the Law to Moses at Mt. SinaiExodus 19. The giving of the Law to Moses at Mt. Sinai
• Not for us!Not for us!
• For us: Mt. Zion. The heavenly Jerusalem. The assemblyFor us: Mt. Zion. The heavenly Jerusalem. The assembly
of the first-born (Jacob, not Esau). God. Jesus. The Newof the first-born (Jacob, not Esau). God. Jesus. The New
Covenant. Heb 12:22-24)Covenant. Heb 12:22-24)
• We have come to a kingdom which cannot be shakenWe have come to a kingdom which cannot be shaken
(12:25-27)(12:25-27)

Heb 12:28 Summary of the summary.Heb 12:28 Summary of the summary.
• Therefore, since we are receiving a kingdom that cannot beTherefore, since we are receiving a kingdom that cannot be
shaken, let us be thankful, and so worship God acceptablyshaken, let us be thankful, and so worship God acceptably
with reverence and awe, for our God is a consuming fire.with reverence and awe, for our God is a consuming fire.

Hebrews 13: Final ExhortationsHebrews 13: Final Exhortations
1.1. Brotherly love Heb 13:1Brotherly love Heb 13:1
2. Hospitality Heb 13:22. Hospitality Heb 13:2
3. Sympathy for those in trouble. Heb 13:33. Sympathy for those in trouble. Heb 13:3
4. Sexual purity Heb 13: 44. Sexual purity Heb 13: 4
5. Christian contentment. Heb 13:5-65. Christian contentment. Heb 13:5-6
6. Respect for spiritual leaders and the mature. Heb 13:7-8, 176. Respect for spiritual leaders and the mature. Heb 13:7-8, 17
--Golden Rule Membership Judges 5:1Golden Rule Membership Judges 5:1

Julian “the apostate.” (332-363)Julian “the apostate.” (332-363)
““Atheism (i.e. Christian faith) has been specially advancedAtheism (i.e. Christian faith) has been specially advanced
through the loving service rendered to strangers, andthrough the loving service rendered to strangers, and
through their care for the burial of the dead. It is a scandalthrough their care for the burial of the dead. It is a scandal
that there is not a single Jew who is a beggar, and that thethat there is not a single Jew who is a beggar, and that the
godless Galileans care not only for their own poor but forgodless Galileans care not only for their own poor but for
ours as well; while those who belong to us look in vain forours as well; while those who belong to us look in vain for
the help that we should render them.”the help that we should render them.”

Hebrews, Perseverence and PredestinationHebrews, Perseverence and Predestination
• Hebrews and Falling Away.Hebrews and Falling Away.
• Scriptures which point toward Perseverence/Once SavedScriptures which point toward Perseverence/Once Saved
Always Saved.Always Saved.
• History of the doctrine of Predestination.History of the doctrine of Predestination.
• Arguments for Predestination.Arguments for Predestination.
• The biblical doctrine of Predestination.The biblical doctrine of Predestination.
• Assurance of Salvation in Hebrews.Assurance of Salvation in Hebrews.

Hebrews and Falling AwayHebrews and Falling Away
• They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5
• We have come to share in ChristWe have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly to the endif we hold firmly to the end
the confidence we had at first.the confidence we had at first. 3:143:14
• They were not able to enter because of their unbelief 3:19They were not able to enter because of their unbelief 3:19
• Be careful not to be found to have fallen short of it. 4:1Be careful not to be found to have fallen short of it. 4:1
• Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6
• Let us make every effort to enter that restLet us make every effort to enter that rest so that no one willso that no one will
fall by followingfall by following their example of disobedience 4:11their example of disobedience 4:11
• Do you get the point?Do you get the point?

Question:
Do you believe in Predestination?

History of the doctrine of predestination.History of the doctrine of predestination.
• Augustine of Hippo AD 354-430 “The City of God”Augustine of Hippo AD 354-430 “The City of God”
• Martin Luther (1483-1546): an Augustinian monk.Martin Luther (1483-1546): an Augustinian monk.
• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Reformed Churches.Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Reformed Churches.
• John Calvin (1509-1564) “Institutes of the ChristianJohn Calvin (1509-1564) “Institutes of the Christian
Religion”Religion”
• A profound belief in the sovereignty of GodA profound belief in the sovereignty of God
• Double Predestination and TULIPDouble Predestination and TULIP

Sin, Redemption, SalvationSin, Redemption, Salvation
• Augustine!!!!!Augustine!!!!!
– The City of God SoveriegntyThe City of God Soveriegnty
– Total depravityTotal depravity
– Monoergism (only God)Monoergism (only God)
– PredestinationPredestination
– Original SinOriginal Sin
– Infant baptism required forInfant baptism required for
salvationsalvation
– SacramentalismSacramentalism
– TransubstantiationTransubstantiation
– City and StateCity and State
– Opposed DonatistsOpposed Donatists
Augustine of Hippo (from 6th century)

Augustine: Evil and Free WillAugustine: Evil and Free Will
• About Augustine: “Evil arises from the corruption of aAbout Augustine: “Evil arises from the corruption of a
nature which is essentially good. What is called evil is goodnature which is essentially good. What is called evil is good
corrupted; if it were not corrupted it would be wholly good;corrupted; if it were not corrupted it would be wholly good;
but even when it is corrupted, it is good in so far as itbut even when it is corrupted, it is good in so far as it
remains a natural thing, and bad only in so far as it isremains a natural thing, and bad only in so far as it is
corrupted.”corrupted.”
• ““A man’s free will avails for nothing except to sin.”A man’s free will avails for nothing except to sin.”

Pelagius AD c. 354-430
Works Salvation?
Affirmed the existence of free will.
“Evil is not born with us, and we
are procreated without fault.”
Rejected infant baptism. Taught
that we become holy through our
own effort?
More troubling:
“Since perfection is possible for
man, it is obligatory.”

Julian of EclanumJulian of Eclanum
• ““You [ie. Augustine] think that your Lord is capable ofYou [ie. Augustine] think that your Lord is capable of
committing a crime against justice such as is hardlycommitting a crime against justice such as is hardly
conceivable even among the barbarians.conceivable even among the barbarians.

• Q: What is the nature of “the Fall” of mankind?Q: What is the nature of “the Fall” of mankind?
What happened in the garden?What happened in the garden?
• Puritans: “In Adam’s fall we sinned all.”Puritans: “In Adam’s fall we sinned all.”
• Romans 5:12-19 What “death” is this in v. 12Romans 5:12-19 What “death” is this in v. 12

Thomas Aquinas
1225-1274
Aristotle
Revelation by reason
Scholasticism
Arguments for existence of
God
Natural Theology
“Summa Theologica”

Thomas Aquinas:
“God, therefore, is the first cause, who moves causes both natural
and voluntary. And just as by moving natural causes He does not
prevent their actions from being natural, so by moving voluntary
causes He does not deprive their actions of being voluntary; but
rather is He the cause of this very thing in them, for He operates
in each thing according to his own nature.”
In other words, Aquinas believed in free will and not a strict
monergism.

Martin Luther 1483-1541
Augustinian Monk
Faith Alone
Grace Alone
Scripture Alone
Predestination

Martin Luther:
“Away with James… His authority is not great enough to
cause me to abandon the doctrine of faith [alone] and to
deviate from the authority of the other apostles and the
entire Scripture.” St. James’ epistle is really an epistle
of straw, compared to these others (Romans, Galatians,
John) for it has nothing of the nature of the gospel about
it.”

Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
Opposed baptismal
regeneration
Double Predestination
Reformed Theology
“Those individuals who
end up damned forever
in hell are also eternally
determined by God for
that fate.”

John Calvin 1509-1564
Institutes of Christian Religion
His emphasis: the sovereignty
of God
TULIP

TULIPTULIP
• TTotal depravityotal depravity
• UUnconditional electionnconditional election
• LLimited atonementimited atonement
• IIrresistable gracerresistable grace
• PPerseverence of the saint (once saved, alwayserseverence of the saint (once saved, always
saved)saved)

Jacob Arminius
(1560-1609)
Opposed Reformed idea of
predestination.
Are we Arminians?

Jonathan Edwards
“A Sinner in the Hands
of an Angry God.”
How do we know we are
of the elect?

1800’s America: Predestination Light1800’s America: Predestination Light
Once Saved, Always SavedOnce Saved, Always Saved
• Preservation of the SaintsPreservation of the Saints
• Believer’s Prayer.Believer’s Prayer.
• Once God saves you, in is impossible to lose your salvation,Once God saves you, in is impossible to lose your salvation,
no matter what.no matter what.

• Q: Scriptures which appear to support theQ: Scriptures which appear to support the
doctrine of predestination?doctrine of predestination?
• Is a believer in this false doctrine lost?Is a believer in this false doctrine lost?
• Q: Scriptures which prove free will andQ: Scriptures which prove free will and
refute predestination?refute predestination?

Predestination?Predestination?
• Romans 8:28-30Romans 8:28-30
• Romans 8:31-39 Nothing can separate us (except weRomans 8:31-39 Nothing can separate us (except we
ourselves because weourselves because we
• have free will)have free will)
• John 10:27-29 No one can snatch them out of my hands…John 10:27-29 No one can snatch them out of my hands…
• Romans 9:10-21 (read v. 14-18)Romans 9:10-21 (read v. 14-18)

The Biblical Doctrine of PredestinationThe Biblical Doctrine of Predestination
• First of all, man had “free will”!!!First of all, man had “free will”!!!
– It is God’s sovereign will that we have free willIt is God’s sovereign will that we have free will because he loves usbecause he loves us..
– Deut 30:19-20Deut 30:19-20
– Joshua 24:15Joshua 24:15
– Ezekiel 18:19-20Ezekiel 18:19-20
– All of Hebrews.All of Hebrews.
• God predestined all of us to be saved (but he does not forceGod predestined all of us to be saved (but he does not force
anyone)anyone)
• Very rarely, God intervenes in history to bring about hisVery rarely, God intervenes in history to bring about his
will, but even then, he does not, ultimately steal anyone’swill, but even then, he does not, ultimately steal anyone’s
free will.free will.

God’s Assurance: Hebrews 6:9-20
Two unchangeable things:
God’s Word
God’s Oath (Genesis 22:16-18)
Jesus, your anchor, is behind the veil with the
Father

God’s Assurance: Hebrews 10:19-23
We have confidence to enter the Most Holy Place
Let us draw near to God… in full assurance of
faith.
For he who promised is faithful.
Hebrews 10:35-36 Do not throw away your
confidence; it will be richly rewarded…. You will
receive what he has promised.

The Book of Hebrews

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The Book of Hebrews