Introduction to World Religions: Judaism. Click on the link below for a Power Point presentation by R. D. Baker (Phoenix, AZ) and Ryan Cartwright (Edmonton, Alberta). This is a general introduction to a course on world religions, followed by the body of the class, which is on the background of Judaism.

1. An Overview of theAn Overview of the
World’s Major ReligionsWorld’s Major Religions
By R.D. Baker & RyanBy R.D. Baker & Ryan
CartwrightCartwright

2.  Acts 17:16 - While Paul wasActs 17:16 - While Paul was
waiting in Athens, he was greatlywaiting in Athens, he was greatly
distressed to see that the city wasdistressed to see that the city was
full of idols. So he reasoned in thefull of idols. So he reasoned in the
Synagogue with the Jews & God-Synagogue with the Jews & God-
fearing Greeks as well as in thefearing Greeks as well as in the
marketplace day by day with thosemarketplace day by day with those
who happened to be there.who happened to be there.

3.  v.22 – Paul then stood up in thev.22 – Paul then stood up in the
meeting of the Aeropagus and said,meeting of the Aeropagus and said,
“Men of Athens, I see that in every“Men of Athens, I see that in every
way, you are very religious. For asway, you are very religious. For as
I walked around & lookedI walked around & looked
carefully at your objects ofcarefully at your objects of
worship, I even found an altar withworship, I even found an altar with
this inscription, ‘To an unknownthis inscription, ‘To an unknown
god’. Now what you worship asgod’. Now what you worship as
something unknown, I am going tosomething unknown, I am going to
proclaim to you.proclaim to you.

4.  v.24 – The God who made the world &v.24 – The God who made the world &
everything in it is the Lord of heaven &everything in it is the Lord of heaven &
earth, & does not live in temples built byearth, & does not live in temples built by
hands. And he’s not served by humanhands. And he’s not served by human
hands, as if he needed anything, becausehands, as if he needed anything, because
he himself gives all men life & breath &he himself gives all men life & breath &
everything else. From one man, he madeeverything else. From one man, he made
every nation of men, that they shouldevery nation of men, that they should
inhabit the whole earth; & he determinedinhabit the whole earth; & he determined
the times set for them & the exact placesthe times set for them & the exact places
where they should live. God did this sowhere they should live. God did this so
that men would seek him & perhapsthat men would seek him & perhaps
reach out for him & find him, though hereach out for him & find him, though he
is not far from each one of us.”is not far from each one of us.”

5. Major Religions of theMajor Religions of the
WorldWorld
Ranked by Number of AdherentsRanked by Number of Adherents
 1) Christianity: 2.1 billion1) Christianity: 2.1 billion
 2) Islam: 1.3 billion2) Islam: 1.3 billion
 3) Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 1.13) Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 1.1
billionbillion
 4) Hinduism: 900 million4) Hinduism: 900 million
 5) Chinese traditional religion: 3945) Chinese traditional religion: 394
millionmillion
 6) Buddhism: 376 million6) Buddhism: 376 million
 Total of the top 6 categories: 6.1

6. Major Religions of theMajor Religions of the
WorldWorld
Ranked by Number of AdherentsRanked by Number of Adherents
 9)9) SikhismSikhism: 23 million: 23 million
 12)12) JudaismJudaism: 15 million: 15 million
 13) Baha'i: 7 million13) Baha'i: 7 million
 17) Zoroastrianism: 2.6 million17) Zoroastrianism: 2.6 million
 20) Unitarian-Universalism: 80020) Unitarian-Universalism: 800
thousandthousand
 21) Rastafarianism: 600 thousand21) Rastafarianism: 600 thousand
 22) Scientology: 500 thousand22) Scientology: 500 thousand

7. America – “The GreatAmerica – “The Great
Melting Pot”Melting Pot”
 It has been said that the U.S. is “the great melting pot” forIt has been said that the U.S. is “the great melting pot” for
the people of the worldthe people of the world
 The contents of that “pot” would not be complete unless itThe contents of that “pot” would not be complete unless it
also included the religions of those masses that now makealso included the religions of those masses that now make
up our country’s populationup our country’s population
 As we are increasingly surrounded by other religiousAs we are increasingly surrounded by other religious
teachings, it becomes vitally important as to what we chooseteachings, it becomes vitally important as to what we choose
to believe & put our faith into…& then pass down to ourto believe & put our faith into…& then pass down to our
childrenchildren

8. Many Religions…Many Truth’s?Many Religions…Many Truth’s?
 There are many religions & philosophies…butThere are many religions & philosophies…but
which ones are true?which ones are true?
 Are all religions valid?Are all religions valid?
 Will they all get you to heaven?Will they all get you to heaven?
 Do all roads lead to heaven?Do all roads lead to heaven?
 We will see as we explore some of the majorWe will see as we explore some of the major
world religions.world religions.

9. Division Among ReligionsDivision Among Religions
 Every major religion has divisionsEvery major religion has divisions
 Not all the beliefs discussed will apply to allNot all the beliefs discussed will apply to all
adherents to a particular religion – just as inadherents to a particular religion – just as in
Christianity there are a many divisions withChristianity there are a many divisions with
different beliefsdifferent beliefs

10. Jesus said, "If you hold toJesus said, "If you hold to
my teaching, you are reallymy teaching, you are really
my disciples. Then youmy disciples. Then you
will know the truth, & thewill know the truth, & the
truth will set you free." –truth will set you free." –
John 8:31John 8:31
Truth has become quite subjective – but truthTruth has become quite subjective – but truth
can be discerned by considering the evidence.can be discerned by considering the evidence.

11. ""I am not insane, most excellentI am not insane, most excellent
Festus," Paul replied. "What I amFestus," Paul replied. "What I am
saying is true & reasonable. Thesaying is true & reasonable. The
king is familiar with these things,king is familiar with these things,
& I can speak freely to him. I am& I can speak freely to him. I am
convinced that none of this hasconvinced that none of this has
escaped his notice, because it wasescaped his notice, because it was
not done in a corner.”– Actsnot done in a corner.”– Acts
26:25-2726:25-27
We can’t do an exhaustive study but we’ll do ourWe can’t do an exhaustive study but we’ll do our
best to present a basic understanding of the majorbest to present a basic understanding of the major
& some minor world religions& some minor world religions

12. General IntroductionGeneral Introduction
 In this series we’ll examine different religions &In this series we’ll examine different religions &
philosophies, consider their respective foundingphilosophies, consider their respective founding
fathers, history, scriptures & beliefs.fathers, history, scriptures & beliefs.
 While we will make some comments on theWhile we will make some comments on the
various religions, the goal is not to prove orvarious religions, the goal is not to prove or
discredit the various beliefs – but simply todiscredit the various beliefs – but simply to
present the facts.present the facts.
 It is each individual’s task to determine whetherIt is each individual’s task to determine whether
what they believe is truewhat they believe is true
 Always remember:Always remember: Belief does not equalBelief does not equal
truthtruth..

13. FocusFocus
 In addition to this series – a study ofIn addition to this series – a study of
ancient pagan religions is recommendedancient pagan religions is recommended
to understand the background & context for bothto understand the background & context for both
testaments. Unfortunately we don’t have the timetestaments. Unfortunately we don’t have the time
to look at these religions in this series.to look at these religions in this series.
 Our focus is to present religions that exist in ourOur focus is to present religions that exist in our
neighborhoods today – that we may come across.neighborhoods today – that we may come across.
 It is important to understand the people aroundIt is important to understand the people around
us and to know what they believe.us and to know what they believe.

14. Warning!Warning!
““We know that we all possess knowledge.We know that we all possess knowledge.
Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up.Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up.
The man who thinks he knows somethingThe man who thinks he knows something
does not yet know as he ought to know.” –does not yet know as he ought to know.” –
1 Corinthians 8:1-21 Corinthians 8:1-2

15. ““In your hearts set apartIn your hearts set apart
Christ as Lord. Always beChrist as Lord. Always be
prepared to give an answerprepared to give an answer
to everyone who asks you toto everyone who asks you to
give the reason for the hopegive the reason for the hope
that you have. But do thisthat you have. But do this
with gentleness & respect…”with gentleness & respect…”
- 1 Peter 3:15- 1 Peter 3:15
Our goal is not to win the argument or to justOur goal is not to win the argument or to just
possess knowledge, but topossess knowledge, but to in lovein love – guide people– guide people
to the Truthto the Truth

16. DefinitionsDefinitions
 Monotheism – Belief in one godMonotheism – Belief in one god
 Polytheism – System of many godsPolytheism – System of many gods
 Pantheism – God synonymous with the universe orPantheism – God synonymous with the universe or
nature. “May the Force be with you.”nature. “May the Force be with you.”
 Animism – Animals, plants & objects all containAnimism – Animals, plants & objects all contain
individual spiritsindividual spirits
 Asceticism – Enlightenment obtained throughAsceticism – Enlightenment obtained through
extreme self denial (monasteries)extreme self denial (monasteries)
 Mysticism – Enlightenment & spiritual powersMysticism – Enlightenment & spiritual powers
through meditation/contemplationthrough meditation/contemplation

17. JudaismJudaism
15 Million Devotees15 Million Devotees
The Star of David & The MenorahThe Star of David & The Menorah
(Represents the 7-day week & the Sabbath)(Represents the 7-day week & the Sabbath)

18. JudaismJudaism
 Religious culture of the Jewish PeopleReligious culture of the Jewish People
 One of the world's oldest religions (Year 5,766)One of the world's oldest religions (Year 5,766)
 1212thth
largest religion in the world todaylargest religion in the world today
 Cultural system of Jewish law, custom & practice of theCultural system of Jewish law, custom & practice of the
whole individual & communitywhole individual & community
 Believes that everyone is under God's ruleBelieves that everyone is under God's rule
 Oldest of the 3 main monotheistic (‘one god’) religionsOldest of the 3 main monotheistic (‘one god’) religions
 Shares many beliefs with other 2, Islam & ChristianityShares many beliefs with other 2, Islam & Christianity
 Believes the world was created by a single, all-knowingBelieves the world was created by a single, all-knowing
divinity, & that all things within the world were designeddivinity, & that all things within the world were designed
to have meaning & purpose as part of a divine orderto have meaning & purpose as part of a divine order

19. ““Famous Jews for $200,Famous Jews for $200,
Alex”Alex” AbrahamAbraham
 MosesMoses
 King David & his son King SolomonKing David & his son King Solomon
 Mary (mother of Jesus)Mary (mother of Jesus)
 John the BaptistJohn the Baptist
 JesusJesus
 The TwelveThe Twelve
 The Apostle PaulThe Apostle Paul
 The entire early Christian ChurchThe entire early Christian Church

20. ““Famous Jews for $400,Famous Jews for $400,
Alex”Alex” Show BizShow Biz – Harrison Ford, Cary Grant, Ben Stiller,– Harrison Ford, Cary Grant, Ben Stiller,
Alicia Silverstone, Gwyneth Paltrow, Paul Newman,Alicia Silverstone, Gwyneth Paltrow, Paul Newman,
Michael Douglas, Billy Crystal, George Burns, RodneyMichael Douglas, Billy Crystal, George Burns, Rodney
Dangerfield, Richard Dreyfuss, Tony Clark, GoldieDangerfield, Richard Dreyfuss, Tony Clark, Goldie
Hawn, Bette Midler, Jerry Springer, Geraldo Rivera,Hawn, Bette Midler, Jerry Springer, Geraldo Rivera,
Joan Rivers, Howard SternJoan Rivers, Howard Stern
 MusiciansMusicians – Slash, Joey Ramone, Gene Simmons,– Slash, Joey Ramone, Gene Simmons,
Kenny G, Paul Shaffer, Benny Goodman, Herb Alpert,Kenny G, Paul Shaffer, Benny Goodman, Herb Alpert,
 AthletesAthletes – Boris Becker, Pete Sampras, Marc Spitz,– Boris Becker, Pete Sampras, Marc Spitz,
Sasha Cohen, Sandy Koufax, David Beckham, ShawnSasha Cohen, Sandy Koufax, David Beckham, Shawn
Green, Hank GreenbergGreen, Hank Greenberg

21. ““Famous Jews for $600,Famous Jews for $600,
Alex”Alex” Columbus, Leonardo da Vinci, Albert EinsteinColumbus, Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein
 Anne Frank, Arthur Miller, Danielle Steele, J.D.Anne Frank, Arthur Miller, Danielle Steele, J.D.
Salinger, Neil Simon, Norman MailerSalinger, Neil Simon, Norman Mailer
 Milton Hershey, Vidal Sassoon, Michael Dell, SteveMilton Hershey, Vidal Sassoon, Michael Dell, Steve
Balmer, Mark CubanBalmer, Mark Cuban
 Adam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, Ali G, Marx BrothersAdam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, Ali G, Marx Brothers
 Harry Houdini, David Blaine, David CopperfieldHarry Houdini, David Blaine, David Copperfield
 Mel Blanc, Stan Lee, Matt ParkerMel Blanc, Stan Lee, Matt Parker
 Bob Dylan, Billy Joel, Barry Manilow, Barbra Streisand,Bob Dylan, Billy Joel, Barry Manilow, Barbra Streisand,
Neil Diamond, Simon & Garfunkel, & yes, Elvis PresleyNeil Diamond, Simon & Garfunkel, & yes, Elvis Presley

22.  15 million Jews throughout the world (Mostly in15 million Jews throughout the world (Mostly in
the U.S., Israel & former USSR)the U.S., Israel & former USSR)
 Jews makes up 83% of Israel’s populationJews makes up 83% of Israel’s population
 MoreMore Jews live in the U.S.Jews live in the U.S. than in Israel!than in Israel!
 A higher proportion of American Jews areA higher proportion of American Jews are
religious (i.e., practice Judaism or profess somereligious (i.e., practice Judaism or profess some
form of belief in Judaism) than in Israel!form of belief in Judaism) than in Israel!
Where are they?

23. Major Branches of JudaismMajor Branches of Judaism
 Conservative – 4.5 millionConservative – 4.5 million
 Unaffiliated & Secular – 4.5 millionUnaffiliated & Secular – 4.5 million
 Reform – 3.75 millionReform – 3.75 million
 Orthodox – 2 millionOrthodox – 2 million
•Most Jews today do not strictly hold to the LawMost Jews today do not strictly hold to the Law
•Many of Israel's Jews are secular - nonobservant andMany of Israel's Jews are secular - nonobservant and
either nonreligious or even agnostic / atheisteither nonreligious or even agnostic / atheist
•Religious Jews are in the minority in IsraelReligious Jews are in the minority in Israel

24. A Brief History of Time –A Brief History of Time –
Jewish StyleJewish Style
 Judaism dates back to the creation event, butJudaism dates back to the creation event, but
essentially starts to advance with Adam and theessentially starts to advance with Adam and the
other Patriarchs:other Patriarchs:
 2100BC – God Promises Canaan to Abraham2100BC – God Promises Canaan to Abraham
 1876-1446BC – Patriarchs arrive in Egypt and are1876-1446BC – Patriarchs arrive in Egypt and are
enslaved for 430 yearsenslaved for 430 years
 1446-1406BC – Desert Wanderings1446-1406BC – Desert Wanderings

25.  1406-1050BC – Conquest/Period of Judges1406-1050BC – Conquest/Period of Judges
 1050-930BC – United Monarchy (King David)1050-930BC – United Monarchy (King David)
 930-722BC – Divided Kingdom to Assyrian930-722BC – Divided Kingdom to Assyrian
Conquest; Beginning of DiasporaConquest; Beginning of Diaspora
 722-587BC – Babylonian conquest,722-587BC – Babylonian conquest,
Destruction of Solomon’s TempleDestruction of Solomon’s Temple
 587-539BC – Babylonian Exile587-539BC – Babylonian Exile
 539-333BC – Persian Period, Cyrus allows Jews539-333BC – Persian Period, Cyrus allows Jews
to return to rebuild Jerusalem & Templeto return to rebuild Jerusalem & Temple

26.  333-63BC – Greek Period – Hellenization of333-63BC – Greek Period – Hellenization of
Holy Land; Maccabean Revolt; rise of SynagogueHoly Land; Maccabean Revolt; rise of Synagogue
& religious parties (Sadducees, Essenes,& religious parties (Sadducees, Essenes,
Pharisees)Pharisees)
 63BC-200AD – Roman period63BC-200AD – Roman period
 70AD – Jewish War results in the destruction of70AD – Jewish War results in the destruction of
Herod’s Temple, Sanhedrin & sacrificial systemHerod’s Temple, Sanhedrin & sacrificial system
 132AD – Judean revolt sparked by Roman132AD – Judean revolt sparked by Roman
Emperor Hadrian’s building city Aelia CapitolinaEmperor Hadrian’s building city Aelia Capitolina
on top of ruins of Jerusalem. Jews banned fromon top of ruins of Jerusalem. Jews banned from
Jerusalem; circumcision of converts forbiddenJerusalem; circumcision of converts forbidden

27.  200-640AD – Period of intense persecution200-640AD – Period of intense persecution
mainly from the Christians, especially aftermainly from the Christians, especially after
Christianity became the religion of the RomanChristianity became the religion of the Roman
EmpireEmpire
 634-1096AD – Age of the Gaons – Muslim634-1096AD – Age of the Gaons – Muslim
conquests bring many Jews under Islamicconquests bring many Jews under Islamic
domain, improving quality of life considerablydomain, improving quality of life considerably
 1096AD – Crusades specifically target Jews;1096AD – Crusades specifically target Jews;
they are looted & murdered en massethey are looted & murdered en masse
 1096-1348AD – Jews expelled from England,1096-1348AD – Jews expelled from England,
not returning until 1650not returning until 1650

28.  1348 – Jews accused of poisoning wells and1348 – Jews accused of poisoning wells and
causing the Black Death. (This resulted incausing the Black Death. (This resulted in
many gruesome massacres across Europe.)many gruesome massacres across Europe.)
 1348-1517 – Jewish Influence – After the1348-1517 – Jewish Influence – After the
massacres, Jews allowed to return to their cities,massacres, Jews allowed to return to their cities,
many becoming moneylenders.many becoming moneylenders.
 1492 – Jews in Spain offered choice of1492 – Jews in Spain offered choice of
converting to Christianity or leaving the country.converting to Christianity or leaving the country.
 Wherever they went the exiles had a powerfulWherever they went the exiles had a powerful
impact.impact.

29.  1517-1700 – Europe in Ferment – Period started with1517-1700 – Europe in Ferment – Period started with
a era of tolerance as authorities viewed Jews as useful.a era of tolerance as authorities viewed Jews as useful.
Massacres in 1648 & 1649 devastated the Jews inMassacres in 1648 & 1649 devastated the Jews in
Poland & the Ukraine.Poland & the Ukraine.
 Numerous men rose up claiming to be the Messiah.Numerous men rose up claiming to be the Messiah.
Most important was Shabbetai Zevi (1628-1716). HeMost important was Shabbetai Zevi (1628-1716). He
was imprisoned in Gallipolo; then later converted towas imprisoned in Gallipolo; then later converted to
Islam.Islam.
 ““The Paradox of the traitorous Messiah is far greaterThe Paradox of the traitorous Messiah is far greater
then an executed Messiah.” – Gershom Scholemthen an executed Messiah.” – Gershom Scholem
 Meaning a Jew claiming to be the Messiah thenMeaning a Jew claiming to be the Messiah then
converting to Islam is more insulting than a messiahconverting to Islam is more insulting than a messiah
being crucified.being crucified.

30.  1700’s-Present – Large numbers migrated to1700’s-Present – Large numbers migrated to
the Americas (period of Jewish tolerance)the Americas (period of Jewish tolerance)
 1880’s – Strong Aryan, anti-semitic movements1880’s – Strong Aryan, anti-semitic movements
began in Francebegan in France
 WWII – Extermination of 1/3 of world’sWWII – Extermination of 1/3 of world’s
Jewish population – 6 million murderedJewish population – 6 million murdered
 1948 – Zionists pushed for & received the State1948 – Zionists pushed for & received the State
of Israel for the Jews to have a country onceof Israel for the Jews to have a country once
more. Battle for this territory still rages todaymore. Battle for this territory still rages today

31. Divisions & SectsDivisions & Sects
 Shortly after the original temple was built theShortly after the original temple was built the
first major rift in Jewish history occurred.first major rift in Jewish history occurred.
 Under the poor leadership of King Rehoboam,Under the poor leadership of King Rehoboam,
Israel divided into the Northern Kingdom ofIsrael divided into the Northern Kingdom of
Israel & the Southern Kingdom of Judea.Israel & the Southern Kingdom of Judea.
“But Rehoboam rejected the advice the elders gave him
and consulted the young men who had grown up with
him and were serving him.” – 1 Kings 12:8
e two kingdoms remained divided, & fell separatee two kingdoms remained divided, & fell separate

32.  After returning from exile, the Jews formed atAfter returning from exile, the Jews formed at
least 4 parties during the Intertestamental period:least 4 parties during the Intertestamental period:
Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes & ZealotsPharisees, Sadducees, Essenes & Zealots
 Each party had it’s own distinct traditions inEach party had it’s own distinct traditions in
regards to culture, religious beliefs, ceremonies,regards to culture, religious beliefs, ceremonies,
calendar, lifestyle, etc.calendar, lifestyle, etc.
 The differences concern activities more thanThe differences concern activities more than
theologytheology

33. PhariseesPharisees
 Represented more of the common peopleRepresented more of the common people
 Stressed holiness of life; created a body of laws toStressed holiness of life; created a body of laws to
prevent people from breaking laws (‘hedging’)prevent people from breaking laws (‘hedging’)
 Not as strict as the EssenesNot as strict as the Essenes
 Created the oral law; eventually became the TalmudCreated the oral law; eventually became the Talmud
 Unlike the Sadducees, they strongly resisted theUnlike the Sadducees, they strongly resisted the
Hellenistic cultureHellenistic culture
 Emerged as the dominant group after 70ADEmerged as the dominant group after 70AD
"Woe to you…Pharisees, you hypocrites! You shut
the kingdom of heaven in men's faces. You
yourselves do not enter, nor will you let those enter
who are trying to.” – Jesus: Matthew 23:13

34. SadduceesSadducees
 Composed of wealthy aristocrats & priestsComposed of wealthy aristocrats & priests
 Held to a very strict interpretation of the ScripturesHeld to a very strict interpretation of the Scriptures
 Rejected the doctrine of the ResurrectionRejected the doctrine of the Resurrection
 Most members of the Sanhedrin were SadduceesMost members of the Sanhedrin were Sadducees
 Disappeared with Jerusalem destruction in 70ADDisappeared with Jerusalem destruction in 70AD
When John the Baptist saw many of the Pharisees
& Sadducees coming to where he was baptizing, he
said to them: “You brood of vipers! Who warned
you to flee from the coming wrath?” – Matthew 3:7

35. EssenesEssenes
 Ascetic, monastic sect; removed themselves from dailyAscetic, monastic sect; removed themselves from daily
life to prevent being polluted by the corrupt worldlife to prevent being polluted by the corrupt world
 No personal possessions, very strict observation ofNo personal possessions, very strict observation of
community & Sabbath rules, incl. no bowel movementscommunity & Sabbath rules, incl. no bowel movements
 Devoted themselves to study, with a focus on moral &Devoted themselves to study, with a focus on moral &
ethical learningethical learning
 Qumran sect is best known of this group; the Dead SeaQumran sect is best known of this group; the Dead Sea
Scrolls were widely believed to be their workScrolls were widely believed to be their work
 Their website claims almost all main founders of whatTheir website claims almost all main founders of what
would later be called ‘Christianity’ were Essenes, incl.would later be called ‘Christianity’ were Essenes, incl.
Joseph & Mary, John the Baptist, Jesus & JohnJoseph & Mary, John the Baptist, Jesus & John

36. ZealotsZealots
 Term used to describe Jewish anti-Roman groups usingTerm used to describe Jewish anti-Roman groups using
both political & military tacticsboth political & military tactics
 Covered many different factions; was not a party nameCovered many different factions; was not a party name
 Began in 6AD by Judas Maccabees based on inspirationBegan in 6AD by Judas Maccabees based on inspiration
of Phinehas (Numbers 25:11)of Phinehas (Numbers 25:11)
 ““Sicarii” (‘Dagger-men’) most extreme branch; carriedSicarii” (‘Dagger-men’) most extreme branch; carried
short daggers, stabbing their enemies in broad daylightshort daggers, stabbing their enemies in broad daylight
in large crowds, then joined the outraged crowd, addingin large crowds, then joined the outraged crowd, adding
their own cries of indignationtheir own cries of indignation
 Largely responsible for the beginning of the Jewish War,Largely responsible for the beginning of the Jewish War,
which led to the destruction of the Templewhich led to the destruction of the Temple

37. ZealotsZealots
 One of the 12 apostles was ‘Simon the Zealot’One of the 12 apostles was ‘Simon the Zealot’
 Barabbas; possibly Paul (Acts 22:3; Galatians 1:14)Barabbas; possibly Paul (Acts 22:3; Galatians 1:14)
 Acts 21:38 – ‘4,000 Assassins’ – ‘4,000 Terrorists’Acts 21:38 – ‘4,000 Assassins’ – ‘4,000 Terrorists’
 Mark 15:7 – ‘The Insurrectionists’Mark 15:7 – ‘The Insurrectionists’
 Last Zealot Stronghold, Masada, fell in May 74ADLast Zealot Stronghold, Masada, fell in May 74AD

38. Orthodox vs. ReformedOrthodox vs. Reformed
 Most obvious division today is between OrthodoxMost obvious division today is between Orthodox
& Progressive Jews& Progressive Jews
 Orthodox Jews adhere to a very strict biblical &Orthodox Jews adhere to a very strict biblical &
oral law (Talmud).oral law (Talmud).
 Diligently follow Sabbatical laws & KosherDiligently follow Sabbatical laws & Kosher
regulations. (In their own eyes no other Jews areregulations. (In their own eyes no other Jews are
really Jews.)really Jews.)

39. Reformed JudaismReformed Judaism
 Began in Germany in the 18Began in Germany in the 18thth
CenturyCentury
 Followed philosophies of enlightenment, enjoying theFollowed philosophies of enlightenment, enjoying the
benefits of the lessening persecutionbenefits of the lessening persecution
 Soon many Jews adapted to their culture rather thanSoon many Jews adapted to their culture rather than
holding to their traditionsholding to their traditions
 Using scientific inquiry and critical evaluation someUsing scientific inquiry and critical evaluation some
even taught that man no longer needed to accept theeven taught that man no longer needed to accept the
revelation of the Torah as factual & bindingrevelation of the Torah as factual & binding
 Changes in ritual law & worship were encouraged;Changes in ritual law & worship were encouraged;
dietary laws were abandoned and a more “peopledietary laws were abandoned and a more “people
friendly” version of Judaism was bornfriendly” version of Judaism was born

40. Kabbalah (Mysticism)Kabbalah (Mysticism)
 Branch of Judaism; meaning ‘Received Tradition’Branch of Judaism; meaning ‘Received Tradition’
 Claims to be the oldest religion; with origins datingClaims to be the oldest religion; with origins dating
back to Adam & Abrahamback to Adam & Abraham
 Possesses secret & mystic “truths”Possesses secret & mystic “truths”
 Claims to hold the long-hidden keys to the secrets ofClaims to hold the long-hidden keys to the secrets of
the universe & mysteries of the human heart & soulthe universe & mysteries of the human heart & soul
 Many similarities to Gnostic movementsMany similarities to Gnostic movements
 Essenes protected their writings, allegedly authored byEssenes protected their writings, allegedly authored by
Cain, Noah & JaredCain, Noah & Jared
 Isaac Newton, Madonna, Britney Spears, Paris Hilton,Isaac Newton, Madonna, Britney Spears, Paris Hilton,
Demi Moore, Ashton Kutcher, Mick Jagger, AnthonyDemi Moore, Ashton Kutcher, Mick Jagger, Anthony
KiedisKiedis

41. Basic Teachings ofBasic Teachings of
KabbalahKabbalah In order to claim the gifts you were created to receive, you mustIn order to claim the gifts you were created to receive, you must
11stst
earn those gifts. You do this undertaking spiritual work — theearn those gifts. You do this undertaking spiritual work — the
process of transforming yourself. By recognizing the sources ofprocess of transforming yourself. By recognizing the sources of
negativity in your mind & heart, you’ll receive the tools fornegativity in your mind & heart, you’ll receive the tools for
positive change.positive change.
 Every human being is a work in progress. Pain, disappointment &Every human being is a work in progress. Pain, disappointment &
chaos exists not because this is how life is meant to be, butchaos exists not because this is how life is meant to be, but
because of unfinished work that brought the strife. That work isbecause of unfinished work that brought the strife. That work is
the process of freeing yourself from the domination of the humanthe process of freeing yourself from the domination of the human
ego and creating an attraction with God.ego and creating an attraction with God.
 In everyday life, this transformation means letting go of anger,In everyday life, this transformation means letting go of anger,
jealousy & other reactive behaviors – in favor of patience,jealousy & other reactive behaviors – in favor of patience,
empathy & compassion. It does not mean giving up all desires, &empathy & compassion. It does not mean giving up all desires, &
going to live on a mountaintop. On the contrary, it means desiringgoing to live on a mountaintop. On the contrary, it means desiring
more of the fulfillment that humanity was meant to have.more of the fulfillment that humanity was meant to have.

42. Jewish Culture & BeliefsJewish Culture & Beliefs
 To understand any religion we must look at whatTo understand any religion we must look at what
their followers believe & how they live. In thistheir followers believe & how they live. In this
section we’ll look at a few major Jewish beliefssection we’ll look at a few major Jewish beliefs
 The Jewish culture has existed for thousands ofThe Jewish culture has existed for thousands of
years – so many beliefs changed with timeyears – so many beliefs changed with time
 Much of what we know of ancient Jewish history isMuch of what we know of ancient Jewish history is
found in the writing of Josephus & Philo (Essenes)found in the writing of Josephus & Philo (Essenes)
 Let’s look at some key terms of Judaism:Let’s look at some key terms of Judaism:

43. MonotheismMonotheism
 There is only one God, YHWHThere is only one God, YHWH
 Originally Judaism was much different than theOriginally Judaism was much different than the
majority of ancient polytheistic religions. (Anmajority of ancient polytheistic religions. (An
important statement of Jewish Theology.)important statement of Jewish Theology.)
 Parented the other two main monotheisticParented the other two main monotheistic
religions: Islam & Christianityreligions: Islam & Christianity

44. Land of Canaan/PromisedLand of Canaan/Promised
LandLand God promised Abraham that his descendantsGod promised Abraham that his descendants
would inherit this land foreverwould inherit this land forever
 When it was lost it was a devastating blow toWhen it was lost it was a devastating blow to
people’s faithpeople’s faith
 Many believe that God was behind giving theMany believe that God was behind giving the
land back to the Jews in this century (1948)land back to the Jews in this century (1948)
The Lord had said to Abram, "Leave your country, yourThe Lord had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your
people & your father's household and go to the land I willpeople & your father's household and go to the land I will
show you. I will make you into a great nation & I willshow you. I will make you into a great nation & I will
bless you; I will make your name great, & you will be abless you; I will make your name great, & you will be a
blessing. I will bless those who bless you, & whoeverblessing. I will bless those who bless you, & whoever
curses you I will curse; & all peoples on earth will becurses you I will curse; & all peoples on earth will be
blessed through you." – Genesis 12:1-3blessed through you." – Genesis 12:1-3

45.  Israel – God’s Chosen PeopleIsrael – God’s Chosen People – The Jewish– The Jewish
nation Abraham fathered has always believednation Abraham fathered has always believed
themselves to be God’s only chosen people.themselves to be God’s only chosen people.
(Jewish vs. Gentile perspective.)(Jewish vs. Gentile perspective.)
 The LawThe Law – Found predominately in the– Found predominately in the
Pentateuch (books of the Law). 613 totalPentateuch (books of the Law). 613 total
commandments the Jews were to obey. Todaycommandments the Jews were to obey. Today
only Orthodox Jews attempt to obey them all.only Orthodox Jews attempt to obey them all.
(The rest pick & choose which portions of the law(The rest pick & choose which portions of the law
are applicable to them.)are applicable to them.)

46. The ShemaThe Shema
 Judaism has no formal creed but the essence ofJudaism has no formal creed but the essence of
their faith is summed up in the Shematheir faith is summed up in the Shema
 Shema means “Hear,” as in “Hear O Lord”Shema means “Hear,” as in “Hear O Lord”
 Read every morning by pious Jews to remindRead every morning by pious Jews to remind
them of the Lawthem of the Law
 Consists mainly of Deuteronomy 6:4-9 andConsists mainly of Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and
affirms their monotheistic belief, as well asaffirms their monotheistic belief, as well as
praises God for his creation, revelation &praises God for his creation, revelation &
redemptionredemption

47. The SabbathThe Sabbath
 Begins at sunset each Friday, ends the same timeBegins at sunset each Friday, ends the same time
the next daythe next day
 Considered the most important Jewish festivalConsidered the most important Jewish festival
 Originally ordained by God to be a holy day ofOriginally ordained by God to be a holy day of
rest where work was forbiddenrest where work was forbidden
 Few things are specifically forbidden in the BibleFew things are specifically forbidden in the Bible
(Numbers 15:32-36 - Gathering kindling is(Numbers 15:32-36 - Gathering kindling is
forbidden under pain of death.)forbidden under pain of death.)
 Most of the rules are found in the Mishnah ofMost of the rules are found in the Mishnah of
200AD, and are quite detailed & restrictive.200AD, and are quite detailed & restrictive.

48. The SabbathThe Sabbath
Some rules obeyed by various sects include:Some rules obeyed by various sects include:
 No fires can be lit on the Sabbath, although if it isNo fires can be lit on the Sabbath, although if it is
already burning it can remain litalready burning it can remain lit
 No long journeys may be undertakenNo long journeys may be undertaken
 No vehicles may be drivenNo vehicles may be driven
 Historically some sects even went as far as toHistorically some sects even went as far as to
forbid bowel movements on the Sabbathforbid bowel movements on the Sabbath
although that was not the common practicealthough that was not the common practice

49. Kosher/DietaryKosher/Dietary
RegulationsRegulations
 Kosher – Fit or clean according to Jewish dietary lawsKosher – Fit or clean according to Jewish dietary laws
 Regulations found in the Torah (Lev 11, Deut 14), butRegulations found in the Torah (Lev 11, Deut 14), but
many more added through traditionsmany more added through traditions
 Meat & dairy products can’t be eaten together. (ManyMeat & dairy products can’t be eaten together. (Many
households have 2 sets of dishes to prevent any contacthouseholds have 2 sets of dishes to prevent any contact
 Jewish hotels have 2 kitchens to prevent contaminationJewish hotels have 2 kitchens to prevent contamination
 Animals must be slaughtered & prepared by a ‘shochet’,Animals must be slaughtered & prepared by a ‘shochet’,
trained & ordained in the kosher regulationstrained & ordained in the kosher regulations
 Orthodox Jews follow these regulations meticulously;Orthodox Jews follow these regulations meticulously;
average Jews do notaverage Jews do not

50. The SynagogueThe Synagogue
 Place of Jewish communal worshipPlace of Jewish communal worship
 Most Jews are members of a Synagogue althoughMost Jews are members of a Synagogue although
that does not mean that they regularly attendthat does not mean that they regularly attend
 Mainly a place for reading scripture & prayerMainly a place for reading scripture & prayer
 Since 70AD (Destruction of the Temple), this hasSince 70AD (Destruction of the Temple), this has
been the center of both religious & cultural lifebeen the center of both religious & cultural life
 May have originated after 586BC to replace templeMay have originated after 586BC to replace temple
worship while in exile, but it developed rapidlyworship while in exile, but it developed rapidly
during the Intertestamental periodduring the Intertestamental period

51. FestivalsFestivals
Jewish religious year has many annual festivalsJewish religious year has many annual festivals
 Rosh HashanahRosh Hashanah – Jewish New Year’s Day,– Jewish New Year’s Day,
occurring in September or Octoberoccurring in September or October
 Celebrates both the creation of the world andCelebrates both the creation of the world and
God’s judgment of the worldGod’s judgment of the world
 Tradition says this was the day God called theTradition says this was the day God called the
Universe into existenceUniverse into existence
 People are called to return to God and set asidePeople are called to return to God and set aside
next 10 days for self examination & repentancenext 10 days for self examination & repentance

52. Yom Kippur – Day ofYom Kippur – Day of
AtonementAtonement
 Holiest day of the Jewish YearHoliest day of the Jewish Year
 Concludes 10-day period begun on New Year’sConcludes 10-day period begun on New Year’s
 Day of fasting, prayer & public confession of sinDay of fasting, prayer & public confession of sin
 Commemorates the day when the High PriestCommemorates the day when the High Priest
made sacrifices for people of Israel and enteredmade sacrifices for people of Israel and entered
the Holy of Holiesthe Holy of Holies
 No sacrifices today, so worshippers fast for 24No sacrifices today, so worshippers fast for 24
hours and spend the whole day at the synagoguehours and spend the whole day at the synagogue
 At the end of the day they consider themselves toAt the end of the day they consider themselves to
be rebornbe reborn

53.  5 days after Day of Atonement5 days after Day of Atonement
 Lasts for one weekLasts for one week
 One of 3 harvest festivals in the Jewish yearOne of 3 harvest festivals in the Jewish year
(Passover & Pentecost)(Passover & Pentecost)
 Model for Christian harvest celebrationsModel for Christian harvest celebrations
 Purpose: To remember how God provided forPurpose: To remember how God provided for
His people during the 40 years in the dessertHis people during the 40 years in the dessert
 Shelters or Tabernacles of branches are built andShelters or Tabernacles of branches are built and
lived in for the weeklived in for the week
Sukkot – Feast of TabernaclesSukkot – Feast of Tabernacles

54.  During the course of every year the entireDuring the course of every year the entire
Pentateuch is read in the synagoguePentateuch is read in the synagogue
 On this day the reading is completed with theOn this day the reading is completed with the
last few verses of Deuteronomy & the 1last few verses of Deuteronomy & the 1stst
few offew of
GenesisGenesis
 The scrolls of the law are carried around theThe scrolls of the law are carried around the
synagogue in a procession, with much joy,synagogue in a procession, with much joy,
singing & dancingsinging & dancing
imchat Torah – Rejoicing of the Laimchat Torah – Rejoicing of the La

55.  Celebrated around Christmas timeCelebrated around Christmas time
 Celebrates the Maccabean victory overCelebrates the Maccabean victory over
Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 164BC, when theAntiochus IV Epiphanes in 164BC, when the
temple was rededicated to God. (Antiochus hadtemple was rededicated to God. (Antiochus had
set up a idol in the temple to Zeus, & sacrificedset up a idol in the temple to Zeus, & sacrificed
a pig on it.)a pig on it.)
 The festival lasts eight daysThe festival lasts eight days
 On each day a candle on a menorah (9-On each day a candle on a menorah (9-
branched candle stick) is litbranched candle stick) is lit
Hanukkah - Festival ofHanukkah - Festival of
LightsLights

56.  Celebrated in Feb/Mar; recalls the story of EstherCelebrated in Feb/Mar; recalls the story of Esther
 Named in reference to the lot (‘pur’) Haman castNamed in reference to the lot (‘pur’) Haman cast
to decide the day to destroy the Jews in the Persianto decide the day to destroy the Jews in the Persian
Empire (Esther 3:7)Empire (Esther 3:7)
 The entire book of Esther read in the synagogues.The entire book of Esther read in the synagogues.
Whenever Haman’s name is mentioned, the boysWhenever Haman’s name is mentioned, the boys
make noise & stomp their feetmake noise & stomp their feet
 The festival is a time of parties and a special pastryThe festival is a time of parties and a special pastry
served called Hamantaschenserved called Hamantaschen
Purim – LotPurim – Lot

57.  Recalls the deliverance of Israel from slavery inRecalls the deliverance of Israel from slavery in
Egypt, especially the last plague of the 1Egypt, especially the last plague of the 1stst
BornBorn
 A special meal is served in the home calledA special meal is served in the home called
Sedar (“order”)Sedar (“order”)
 The youngest child asks, “What does thisThe youngest child asks, “What does this
mean?” & the father relates the Exodus storymean?” & the father relates the Exodus story
 Traditionally an extra seat is left for Elijah, who’sTraditionally an extra seat is left for Elijah, who’s
expected to herald in the Messianic ageexpected to herald in the Messianic age
 On the eve of Passover a thorough search isOn the eve of Passover a thorough search is
made for leaven in the homemade for leaven in the home
Pesach – PassoverPesach – Passover

58. PentecostPentecost
Feast of the First FruitsFeast of the First Fruits
(Weeks)(Weeks) Originally an agricultural celebration occurring 7-Originally an agricultural celebration occurring 7-
weeks or 50 days after the beginning of Passoverweeks or 50 days after the beginning of Passover
 Commemorates the Law given to Moses on Mt.Commemorates the Law given to Moses on Mt.
SinaiSinai
 Also associated with failed revolt against theAlso associated with failed revolt against the
Romans in 2Romans in 2ndnd
Century ADCentury AD
 The Ten Commandments are readThe Ten Commandments are read
 Some Jews stay up all night mediating on the LawSome Jews stay up all night mediating on the Law
 The day the Christian Church started!The day the Christian Church started!

59. Tishah B’AvTishah B’Av
 Observed on 9Observed on 9thth
day of Av – around July/Augustday of Av – around July/August
 Memorializes the Temple destruction of 70 ADMemorializes the Temple destruction of 70 AD
 Some also link it with the 586BC destructionSome also link it with the 586BC destruction
 All ornaments are removed from the synagogueAll ornaments are removed from the synagogue
 Day of mourning & fastingDay of mourning & fasting

60. The Three RitesThe Three Rites
 In addition to the festivals, modern male JewsIn addition to the festivals, modern male Jews
celebrate 3 rites in the course of their lives:celebrate 3 rites in the course of their lives:
Circumcision, Bar Mitzvah & MarriageCircumcision, Bar Mitzvah & Marriage
 According to Orthodox Jewish law a Jew is oneAccording to Orthodox Jewish law a Jew is one
born to a Jewish motherborn to a Jewish mother
 Boys are circumcised 8 days after birth andBoys are circumcised 8 days after birth and
receive their Jewish namereceive their Jewish name
 Circumcisions can be done by a doctor or by aCircumcisions can be done by a doctor or by a
Mohel, a trained & registered professionalMohel, a trained & registered professional

61. CircumcisionCircumcision
 According to Orthodox Jewish law, a Jew is oneAccording to Orthodox Jewish law, a Jew is one
born to a Jewish motherborn to a Jewish mother
 Boys are circumcised 8 days after birth andBoys are circumcised 8 days after birth and
then receive their Jewish namethen receive their Jewish name
 Circumcisions can be done by a doctor or by aCircumcisions can be done by a doctor or by a
‘Mohel’, a trained & registered professional‘Mohel’, a trained & registered professional

62.  At age 13, Jewish boys becomes Bar-Mitzvah (son ofAt age 13, Jewish boys becomes Bar-Mitzvah (son of
the Commandment)the Commandment)
 On the Sabbath after this birthday, he reads fromOn the Sabbath after this birthday, he reads from
the Torah during the synagogue service for the 1the Torah during the synagogue service for the 1stst
timetime
 From this time on he is expected to fulfill all theFrom this time on he is expected to fulfill all the
duties of a Jewduties of a Jew
 A girl becomes Bat-Mitzvah (daughter of theA girl becomes Bat-Mitzvah (daughter of the
Commandment) automatically at the age of 12.Commandment) automatically at the age of 12.
Some synagogues will have a ceremony to celebrateSome synagogues will have a ceremony to celebrate
Bar-Mitzvah

63.  Marriage is considered to be a holy covenantMarriage is considered to be a holy covenant
 Bridegroom signs the marriage documentBridegroom signs the marriage document
(‘ketubbah’) & pledges himself to his bride(‘ketubbah’) & pledges himself to his bride
 During the service the couple stands under anDuring the service the couple stands under an
embroidered canopy supported by 4 poles, whichembroidered canopy supported by 4 poles, which
represents their future homerepresents their future home
 The ceremony ends with the bridegroom breakingThe ceremony ends with the bridegroom breaking
a glass. Some think this is symbolic of thea glass. Some think this is symbolic of the
destruction of the temple, others believe it’s todestruction of the temple, others believe it’s to
take moments to reflect – even during times oftake moments to reflect – even during times of
great joygreat joy
Marriage

64. The TempleThe Temple
 Originally built by Solomon approx. 950 BCOriginally built by Solomon approx. 950 BC
 Rebuilt last by King Herod – an 83-year projectRebuilt last by King Herod – an 83-year project
completed in 63AD – on 35 acres of landcompleted in 63AD – on 35 acres of land
 Two most significant events in Jewish history areTwo most significant events in Jewish history are
the destruction of the temples: 586BC by thethe destruction of the temples: 586BC by the
Babylonians & 70AD by the RomansBabylonians & 70AD by the Romans
 While the temple has not existed for 1900 years itWhile the temple has not existed for 1900 years it
is still a very relevant topicis still a very relevant topic
 Many Jews believe that God will allow for theMany Jews believe that God will allow for the
temple to be rebuilt again, now that they havetemple to be rebuilt again, now that they have
returned to the Holy landreturned to the Holy land

65. Herod’s TempleHerod’s Temple

66.  However, it is very unlikely that Muslims willHowever, it is very unlikely that Muslims will
allow this – as they’ve built the “Dome of theallow this – as they’ve built the “Dome of the
Rock” on the location of the original TempleRock” on the location of the original Temple
 All that remains of the original Temple is theAll that remains of the original Temple is the
Western Wall also knows as the Wailing WallWestern Wall also knows as the Wailing Wall
 The wall is a place of prayer & lamentation – asThe wall is a place of prayer & lamentation – as
well as a popular pilgrimage sitewell as a popular pilgrimage site

67. Dome of the Rock – Al-AqsaDome of the Rock – Al-Aqsa
MosqueMosque

68. Dome of the Rock – Al-AqsaDome of the Rock – Al-Aqsa
MosqueMosque

69. ScripturesScriptures
 We’re very familiar with the Hebrew ScripturesWe’re very familiar with the Hebrew Scriptures
as the Old Testament contains them in theiras the Old Testament contains them in their
entirety, although the format is differententirety, although the format is different
 A prominent feature of the OT is the three-foldA prominent feature of the OT is the three-fold
division of The Torah (Law), Nevi’imdivision of The Torah (Law), Nevi’im
(Prophets) & the Ketuvim (Writings)(Prophets) & the Ketuvim (Writings)

70.  In addition to the Torah a large body of laws haveIn addition to the Torah a large body of laws have
developed over time:developed over time:
 100BC-70 AD – Pharisees’ oral interpretations of the100BC-70 AD – Pharisees’ oral interpretations of the
TorahTorah
 200AD – Mishnah – Interpretations of the Torah by200AD – Mishnah – Interpretations of the Torah by
Rabbinic writersRabbinic writers
 200-500AD – Midrash – Rabbinic sermons on the Torah200-500AD – Midrash – Rabbinic sermons on the Torah
 400AD – Palestinian Gemera records debates of Rabbis400AD – Palestinian Gemera records debates of Rabbis
in Palestinein Palestine
 400AD – Jerusalem Talmud – Consists of the Mishnah &400AD – Jerusalem Talmud – Consists of the Mishnah &
Palestinian GemaraPalestinian Gemara
 500AD – Following an independent development of500AD – Following an independent development of
thought in Babylon, a separate Talmud developedthought in Babylon, a separate Talmud developed
consisting of Babylonian Gemara & the Mishnah.consisting of Babylonian Gemara & the Mishnah.

71. Wailing Wall - JerusalemWailing Wall - Jerusalem