John Oakes and Robert Carrillo are team teaching a class on the history of Christianity for the staff of the San Diego Church of Christ over the next couple of months. The notes and power point for the class are available here. John Oakes has a book on the topic “The Christian Story: Finding the Church in Church History” available at www.ipibooks.com

1. Church HistoryChurch History
John Oakes, PhDJohn Oakes, PhD
Apologetics Research SocietyApologetics Research Society

2. Why Study ChurchWhy Study Church
History?History?
 Learn the Mistakes of History →Learn the Mistakes of History →
Avoid them?Avoid them? Those who cannot learn fromThose who cannot learn from
history are doomed to repeat it.history are doomed to repeat it.
 Discover our own roots (RestorationDiscover our own roots (Restoration
Movement, Campus Ministry, ICOC)Movement, Campus Ministry, ICOC)
 Avoid swinging the pendulumAvoid swinging the pendulum
Grace ↔ LegalismGrace ↔ Legalism
Doctrine ↔ Zeal,Doctrine ↔ Zeal,
Emotion, HeartEmotion, Heart
Asceticism ↔Asceticism ↔ FreedomFreedom

3. Church History: How Should we “do”Church History: How Should we “do”
Church?Church?
 Is David Bercot Right? Are Viola and Barna Right?Is David Bercot Right? Are Viola and Barna Right?
 Will the Real Heretic Please Stand Up!Will the Real Heretic Please Stand Up!
 Pagan Christianity.Pagan Christianity.
 Assumption: If they did it, we need to do it.Assumption: If they did it, we need to do it.
 House Churches, Pacifism, Withdrawal from worldlyHouse Churches, Pacifism, Withdrawal from worldly
entertainment, Musical Instruments, Baptismentertainment, Musical Instruments, Baptism
 No! The Make an incorrect assumption.No! The Make an incorrect assumption.
 Some of these were expedients.Some of these were expedients.
 Some of these reflect cultural realities.Some of these reflect cultural realities.
 Bottom line, by faith, we trust the scripturesBottom line, by faith, we trust the scriptures
 But!!! We can learn a lot from their good examples.But!!! We can learn a lot from their good examples.

4. Inspiration/EncouragementInspiration/Encouragement
Why Did They Change the World/Why Did They Change the World/
How Can We Change the World?How Can We Change the World?
Acts 5:39Acts 5:39
I. They knew Jesus. The personal effect of the manI. They knew Jesus. The personal effect of the man
Jesus of Nazareth.Jesus of Nazareth.
II. Powerful truth-claims.II. Powerful truth-claims.
Those two alone were not enoughThose two alone were not enough
to sustain a movementto sustain a movement

5. Changing the World in Our TimeChanging the World in Our Time
III. Moral/Ethical superiority of the Christians.III. Moral/Ethical superiority of the Christians.
IV. They could successfully answer the hardIV. They could successfully answer the hard
questions. Intellectual superiority.questions. Intellectual superiority.
V. Christianity gave dignity to all peopleV. Christianity gave dignity to all people
The church had compassion like no one elseThe church had compassion like no one else
VI. Because God was with them (Acts 5:39)VI. Because God was with them (Acts 5:39)

6. How is TrueHow is True
Christianity Lost?Christianity Lost?
 Growth of splinter, heretical groups withGrowth of splinter, heretical groups with
false teachings.false teachings.
 Gradual drift of the “true church” fromGradual drift of the “true church” from
biblical practice for good and sincerebiblical practice for good and sincere
reasons.reasons.

7. Early Schisms and HeresiesEarly Schisms and Heresies
 Judaizers legalism Gal 1:8Judaizers legalism Gal 1:8
 Ebionites Denied deity of JesusEbionites Denied deity of Jesus
 Gnostics Deny humanity of Jesus, deep knowledgeGnostics Deny humanity of Jesus, deep knowledge
 Docetism Jesus not a physical personDocetism Jesus not a physical person
 Marcionites Jehovah an evil god. Established canon.Marcionites Jehovah an evil god. Established canon.
 Montanists Charismatics, modern-day revelationMontanists Charismatics, modern-day revelation
 Novatianists Division over discipleshipNovatianists Division over discipleship
 Arians Denied deity of JesusArians Denied deity of Jesus

8. Gnosticism: The Gospel of Judas
“But you [ie. Judas] will exceed all of them.
For you will sacrifice the man that clothes me.”

9. Another way to lose it: The ChurchAnother way to lose it: The Church
DriftsDrifts
 Orthodoxy vs OrthopraxyOrthodoxy vs Orthopraxy
 Heterodoxy vs HeteropraxyHeterodoxy vs Heteropraxy
 Theme: Almost all these examples of drift fromTheme: Almost all these examples of drift from
Orthopraxy started out as a reasonable and seeminglyOrthopraxy started out as a reasonable and seemingly
wise response to a real problem (heresy) at the time!wise response to a real problem (heresy) at the time!
 Irenaeus: Defended against heresy using “ChurchIrenaeus: Defended against heresy using “Church
tradition”, The rule of faith, and the authority of apostolictradition”, The rule of faith, and the authority of apostolic
succession.succession.

10. The Apostolic Church Drifts…The Apostolic Church Drifts…
 Leadership/Church OrganizationLeadership/Church Organization
 Doctrine of BaptismDoctrine of Baptism
 Asceticism, MonasticismAsceticism, Monasticism
 CreedsCreeds
 Sacerdotalism/Priesthood clergy and laitySacerdotalism/Priesthood clergy and laity
 Lord’s Supper becomes a sacrificeLord’s Supper becomes a sacrifice
 Sacramentalism: Liturgy, Church CalendarSacramentalism: Liturgy, Church Calendar
 Veneration of “Saints”Veneration of “Saints”
 HermeneuticsHermeneutics
 Allegorizing of Scripture vs Historical/Analytical approachAllegorizing of Scripture vs Historical/Analytical approach

11. CreedsCreeds
►A second century Roman creed (said atA second century Roman creed (said at
baptism)baptism)
 I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty,I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty,
and in Jesus Christ, his only begotten Son, ourand in Jesus Christ, his only begotten Son, our
Lord, and in the Holy Ghost, the holy churchLord, and in the Holy Ghost, the holy church
and the resurrection of the flesh.and the resurrection of the flesh.

12. Lessons Learned FromLessons Learned From
the Early Churchthe Early Church
 Avoid convenient but unscriptural organizationalAvoid convenient but unscriptural organizational
structure.structure.
 Resist the trend toward ritualism in our worship.Resist the trend toward ritualism in our worship.
 Do not overreact to false doctrines.Do not overreact to false doctrines.
 Avoid relying on creeds to defend truth.Avoid relying on creeds to defend truth.
 Do not overemphasize the importance of physicalDo not overemphasize the importance of physical
sacrifice, prayer or any other good spiritual activitysacrifice, prayer or any other good spiritual activity
 Watch for tendency to develop a clergy/laity divisionWatch for tendency to develop a clergy/laity division
 Stress good methods of Bible exegesisStress good methods of Bible exegesis

13. Highlights in 3Highlights in 3rdrd
and 4and 4thth
CenturiesCenturies
 PersecutionsPersecutions
 Decius 249-251 Valerian 253-260Decius 249-251 Valerian 253-260
 Diocletian 303-304 Galerain, LiciniusDiocletian 303-304 Galerain, Licinius
 Edict of Milan 313 Toleration of ChristianityEdict of Milan 313 Toleration of Christianity
 Constantine, Emperor of all Rome 323Constantine, Emperor of all Rome 323
 Beginning of “Christendom”Beginning of “Christendom”
 Council of NicaeaCouncil of Nicaea
 ArianismArianism
 Nicene CreedNicene Creed
 Julian the ApostateJulian the Apostate

14. Doctrine of the TrinityDoctrine of the Trinity
► Tertullian AD 160-220Tertullian AD 160-220
 The Father and theThe Father and the
Son are different “not inSon are different “not in
condition, but incondition, but in
degree; not indegree; not in
substance, but in form;substance, but in form;
not in power, but innot in power, but in
aspect”aspect”

15. Church CouncilsChurch Councils
► Nicaea AD 325Nicaea AD 325
 Arianism JesusArianism Jesus homoousioshomoousios With the FatherWith the Father
► Constantinople AD 381Constantinople AD 381
 Nicene Creed Holy Spirit alsoNicene Creed Holy Spirit also homoousioushomoousious
► Ephesus AD 431Ephesus AD 431
 Nestorianism condemned, Pelagius anathematized.Nestorianism condemned, Pelagius anathematized.
► Calchedon AD 451Calchedon AD 451
 Define the “two natures” of JesusDefine the “two natures” of Jesus
► Constantinople II AD 553Constantinople II AD 553
 MonophysitismMonophysitism
► Constantinople III AD 680Constantinople III AD 680
 MonothelitismMonothelitism
► Nicaea II AD 787Nicaea II AD 787

16. Nicene Creed
We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of
all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the
Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God;
begotten, not made, being of one substance (homoousios, of the same
substance, consubstantial as opposed to homoiousios) with the Father, by whom
all things were made.
Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was
incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was
crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the
third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven,
and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to
judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.
And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from
the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped
and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.
And I believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism
for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of
the world to come. Amen.
Is this what we believe?

17. Chalcedon AD 451Chalcedon AD 451
““InIn agreement with the holy fathersagreement with the holy fathers we all unanimously teachwe all unanimously teach
that we should confess that our Lord Jesus Christ is onethat we should confess that our Lord Jesus Christ is one
and the same Son; the same perfect in Godhead and theand the same Son; the same perfect in Godhead and the
same perfect in manhood, truly God and truly man, thesame perfect in manhood, truly God and truly man, the
same of a rational soul and body; consubstantial with thesame of a rational soul and body; consubstantial with the
Father in Godhead and the same consubstantial with us inFather in Godhead and the same consubstantial with us in
manhood; like us in all things except sin; begotten of themanhood; like us in all things except sin; begotten of the
Father before all ages as regards his Godhead and in theFather before all ages as regards his Godhead and in the
last days the same, for us and for our salvation, begottenlast days the same, for us and for our salvation, begotten
of the Virgin Mary, theof the Virgin Mary, the theotokostheotokos (as opposed to the(as opposed to the
Christotokos of the Nestorians) (the God-bearer, theChristotokos of the Nestorians) (the God-bearer, the
mother of God) as regards his manhood; one and themother of God) as regards his manhood; one and the
same Christ, Son, Lord, only-begotten, made known in twosame Christ, Son, Lord, only-begotten, made known in two
natures without confusion, without change, without division,natures without confusion, without change, without division,
without separation…without separation…

18. Chalcedon (cont.)
“Without confusion and without change”
to oppose monophysitism/Coptic Christianity
Monophysite = one nature
“Without division, without separation”
to oppose Nestorianism
Q: Are we splitting hairs here?

19. ► Constantinople AD 553Constantinople AD 553
 Anathematized OriginAnathematized Origin
► Constantinople III AD 680Constantinople III AD 680
 Opposed monothelitism “one will”Opposed monothelitism “one will”
► Nicaea II AD 787Nicaea II AD 787
 Iconoclasm. It is heretical to say that one cannot beIconoclasm. It is heretical to say that one cannot be
aided in worship by using an icon.aided in worship by using an icon.

20. Augustine (354-430) The Sovereignty of GodAugustine (354-430) The Sovereignty of God
► Laid groundwork for Christendom, Medieval ChristianityLaid groundwork for Christendom, Medieval Christianity
and Reformation theologyand Reformation theology
► The City of God, Christendom, Church and StateThe City of God, Christendom, Church and State
► Original Sin: Mankind totally depravedOriginal Sin: Mankind totally depraved
► PredestinationPredestination
► Sacramentalism Baptism, Ordination etcSacramentalism Baptism, Ordination etc ex opere operoex opere opero
► TransubstantiationTransubstantiation
► Immaculate ConceptionImmaculate Conception
► Reacted against DonatistsReacted against Donatists
► Reacted against Pelagius, PelagianismReacted against Pelagius, Pelagianism

21. Augustine: 354-430Augustine: 354-430
Sovereignty of GodSovereignty of God
Total depravityTotal depravity
MonoergismMonoergism
PredestinationPredestination
Original SinOriginal Sin
Infant baptism for salvationInfant baptism for salvation
SacramentalismSacramentalism
TransubstantiationTransubstantiation
City and State:City and State:
ChristendomChristendom
Opposed DonatistsOpposed Donatists
Opposed PelagiusOpposed Pelagius
Augustine of Hippo (from 6th century)

22. Pelagius AD c. 354-430
Works
Salvation?

23. Branches of Christianity after 500Branches of Christianity after 500
 Western Christendom Rome Legalistic and HierarchicalWestern Christendom Rome Legalistic and Hierarchical
 Easter Christendom Byzantium Spiritual Experiential, MysticalEaster Christendom Byzantium Spiritual Experiential, Mystical
 Coptic Church (Alexandria, Cairo) Monophysite One nature.Coptic Church (Alexandria, Cairo) Monophysite One nature.
Alexandrine School. Focused on divine nature of Jesus andAlexandrine School. Focused on divine nature of Jesus and
minimized his humanity. Mary: Theotokosminimized his humanity. Mary: Theotokos
 Church of the East Nestorianism Dyophysite. Two Natures.Church of the East Nestorianism Dyophysite. Two Natures.
Antiochene School. Focus on human nature of Jesus and hisAntiochene School. Focus on human nature of Jesus and his
suffering. Mary: Christotokossuffering. Mary: Christotokos

24. Highlights of Medieval ChristianityHighlights of Medieval Christianity
 Final Schism of East and West 1054Final Schism of East and West 1054
 Corruption of the PapacyCorruption of the Papacy
 Celibacy of Priests mandatoryCelibacy of Priests mandatory
 Baptism by sprinkling adoptedBaptism by sprinkling adopted
 Purgatory, Cult of Saints, Indulgences, etc.Purgatory, Cult of Saints, Indulgences, etc.
 CrusadesCrusades
 11stst
1096-1099 Capture Jerusalem, Establish Feudal States1096-1099 Capture Jerusalem, Establish Feudal States
 22ndnd
1147-1149 Complete failure1147-1149 Complete failure
 33rdrd
1187-1192 Capture Acre, Mediterranean coast1187-1192 Capture Acre, Mediterranean coast
 - 8- 8thth
1270-12711270-1271
 Cult of MaryCult of Mary
 Growth of Monasticism in WestGrowth of Monasticism in West
 Dominicans (Dominic, 1170-1221)Dominicans (Dominic, 1170-1221)
 Franciscans (Francis of Assisi 1182-1226)Franciscans (Francis of Assisi 1182-1226)

25. True Christianity in the MiddleTrue Christianity in the Middle
Ages?Ages?
 Paulicians 650-900’s Asia MinorPaulicians 650-900’s Asia Minor
 Albigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Southern FranceAlbigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Southern France
 Henry the Monk 1100Henry the Monk 1100
 Arnold of Brescia 1155 ItalyArnold of Brescia 1155 Italy
 Peter of Bruys 1140 Northern ItalyPeter of Bruys 1140 Northern Italy
 Waldensians 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, SwitzerlandWaldensians 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, Switzerland

26. The Late Middle Ages: ScholasticismThe Late Middle Ages: Scholasticism
 Emphasis on Reason. No contradition with faith.Emphasis on Reason. No contradition with faith.
 Reliance on AristotleReliance on Aristotle
 Universities EstablishedUniversities Established
 Studied Rhetoric, Dialectic and Expounded onStudied Rhetoric, Dialectic and Expounded on
Scripture, Aristotle and Roman authors.Scripture, Aristotle and Roman authors.
 Penance emphasized, Mary more personal that JesusPenance emphasized, Mary more personal that Jesus
 Anselm (1033-1109), Abelard (1079-1142), OckhamAnselm (1033-1109), Abelard (1079-1142), Ockham
 Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Doctor of WesternThomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Doctor of Western
ChristendomChristendom
 Forerunner to Humanism, Renaissance andForerunner to Humanism, Renaissance and
Reformation and Counterreformation.Reformation and Counterreformation.

27. Thomas Aquinas
1225-1274
Aristotle
Revelation by reason
Scholasticism
Arguments for existence of
God
Natural Theology
“Summa Theologica”

28. Thomas Aquinas:
“God, therefore, is the first cause, who moves causes both natural
and voluntary. And just as by moving natural causes He does not
prevent their actions from being natural, so by moving voluntary
causes He does not deprive their actions of being voluntary; but
rather is He the cause of this very thing in them, for He operates
ineach thing according to his own nature.”
In other words, Aquinas believed in free will and not a strict
monergism.

29. The ReformationThe Reformation
 John Wyclif England, 1324-1384John Wyclif England, 1324-1384
 John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415
 Martin Luther Germany, 1483-1546Martin Luther Germany, 1483-1546
 Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland, 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland, 1484-1531
 William Tyndale England, 1494-1536William Tyndale England, 1494-1536
 John Calvin France, 1509-1564John Calvin France, 1509-1564
 John Knox Scotland, 1505-1572John Knox Scotland, 1505-1572

30. John Wyclif 1324-1384
Translated Vulgate into English
Opposed
indulgences, idols, priesthood
The Pope is the antichrist
Followers
known as Lollards
Declared heretics 1401

31. John Huss 1374-1415 Bohemia
Influenced by Wyclif
Bible the only authority
Only God can forgive
sin Burned
at the stake
Hussites virtually wiped out by the
Inquisition Brethren and
Moravian Churches

32. John Huss Burned at the stake, 1415

33. Martin Luther 1483-1546
Augustinian Monk
95 Theses in Wittenburg 1517
Studied Romans
Grace Through Faith Only
Scripture Only
Predestination
Book of James a “book of straw.”
Kept much of Catholic worship
practices

34. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Swiss Reformer
More radical than Luther
Rejected almost all Catholic forms of
worship. “Four bare walls and a
sermon.”
Differed on the Lord’s Supper
Lord’s Supper and Baptism are
“symbolic ceremonies.”
His influence led to the Anabaptists
Principle influence on John Calvin
Died as a soldier fighting a Catholic
Swiss canons.

35. The Anabaptist Movement (1530’s and later)
The Radical Reformation
Menno Simmons 1496-1561
Martyrdom of Anabaptists

36. The Anabaptist MovementThe Anabaptist Movement
(cont.)(cont.)
 Baptism by immersion of adults afterBaptism by immersion of adults after
confession of faith for salvation.confession of faith for salvation.
 Bible the only authority.Bible the only authority.
 Separation of church and state.Separation of church and state.
 Emphasized both life and doctrineEmphasized both life and doctrine
 Pacifists (usually)Pacifists (usually)
 Many martyrsMany martyrs
 Began evangelistic, but became exclusive andBegan evangelistic, but became exclusive and
withdrawn. (Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites)withdrawn. (Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites)
 Tended to be very schismaticTended to be very schismatic

37. John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564
 Followed ZwingliFollowed Zwingli
 Most influential theologian of the ReformationMost influential theologian of the Reformation
 Emphasized Historical/Covenantal TheologyEmphasized Historical/Covenantal Theology
 WroteWrote Institutes of Christian ReligionInstitutes of Christian Religion
 Established an autocratic theocracy in GenevaEstablished an autocratic theocracy in Geneva
 Best known for his strong emphasis onBest known for his strong emphasis on
predestination/monergism.predestination/monergism.
 God has two wills: his revealed will (1 Tim 2:3-4)God has two wills: his revealed will (1 Tim 2:3-4)
and his secret will: foreordination of soulsand his secret will: foreordination of souls
 Calvinist denominations: Presbyterian, DutchCalvinist denominations: Presbyterian, Dutch
Reformed, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican(?)Reformed, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican(?)

38. TULIPTULIP
 TTotal depravity of mankindotal depravity of mankind
 UUnconditional electionnconditional election
 LLimited atonementimited atonement
 IIrresistible gracerresistible grace
 finalfinal PPreservation of the saintsreservation of the saints
John Calvin

39. The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation
 Sought to reform RomanSought to reform Roman
Church acc to humanistChurch acc to humanist
principles.principles.
 ““Praise of Folly” attacksPraise of Folly” attacks
relics, pilgrimages,relics, pilgrimages,
monasticism, Catholicmonasticism, Catholic
hierarchyhierarchy
 ““On the Freedom of the Will”On the Freedom of the Will”
15241524
 Greek New Testament 1514Greek New Testament 1514
Erasmus 1466-1536

40. The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation
 Council of Trent 1545-1563Council of Trent 1545-1563
 Eliminated many Medieval excesses (indulgences, etc.)Eliminated many Medieval excesses (indulgences, etc.)
 Gave official status to many Catholic teachings.Gave official status to many Catholic teachings.
 Declared church tradition equal to biblical authority.Declared church tradition equal to biblical authority.
 Condemned Luther and others as heretics.Condemned Luther and others as heretics.
 Confirmed works sanctification.Confirmed works sanctification.
 Confirmed sacraments, especially the priesthood.Confirmed sacraments, especially the priesthood.
(opposing the priesthood of all believers)(opposing the priesthood of all believers)

41. Other Important Figures inOther Important Figures in
the Reformationthe Reformation
 William Tyndale Translated NT from Greek and OTWilliam Tyndale Translated NT from Greek and OT
from Hebrew. KJV was a revision of Tyndale.from Hebrew. KJV was a revision of Tyndale.
Martyred 1536.Martyred 1536.
 John Knox 1505-1572. Brought Calvinism toJohn Knox 1505-1572. Brought Calvinism to
Scotland. Became Presbyterian ChurchScotland. Became Presbyterian Church
 Puritans. English dissenters. CongregationalPuritans. English dissenters. Congregational
autonomy. Became Congregational Churchautonomy. Became Congregational Church
 Baptists. Added believer’s baptism to Calvinism.Baptists. Added believer’s baptism to Calvinism.
 Quakers. Literally quaked. Charismatic, emotionalQuakers. Literally quaked. Charismatic, emotional
movement. Pietist/pacifist offshoot of Radicalmovement. Pietist/pacifist offshoot of Radical
Reformation.Reformation.

42. Jacob Arminius (1569-1609)Jacob Arminius (1569-1609)
 ““Arminianism”Arminianism”
 Semi-Pelagianism?Semi-Pelagianism?
 Opposed supralapsarianismOpposed supralapsarianism
 Prevenient grace. GodPrevenient grace. God
foreknows, but does notforeknows, but does not
predetermine.predetermine.
 Calvinism makes God theCalvinism makes God the
author of sin.author of sin.
 Methodists, RestorationMethodists, Restoration
MovementMovement

43. ►Q: Scriptures which appear to support theQ: Scriptures which appear to support the
doctrine of predestination?doctrine of predestination?
►Q: Scriptures which prove free will andQ: Scriptures which prove free will and
refute predestination?refute predestination?

44. Jonathan Edwards
“A Sinner in the Hands of an
Angry God.”
How do we know we are of the
elect?

45. 1800’s America: Predestination Light1800’s America: Predestination Light
Once Saved, Always SavedOnce Saved, Always Saved
► Preservation of the SaintsPreservation of the Saints
► Believer’s Prayer.Believer’s Prayer.
► Once God saves you, in is impossible to lose yourOnce God saves you, in is impossible to lose your
salvation, no matter what.salvation, no matter what.

46. Hebrews and Falling AwayHebrews and Falling Away
► They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5They shall never enter my rest 3:11, 4:5
► We have come to share in ChristWe have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly toif we hold firmly to
the end the confidence we had at first.the end the confidence we had at first. 3:143:14
► They were not able to enter because of their unbeliefThey were not able to enter because of their unbelief
3:193:19
► Be careful not to be found to have fallen short of it. 4:1Be careful not to be found to have fallen short of it. 4:1
► Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6Some… did not go in because of their obedience 4:6
► Let us make every effort to enter that restLet us make every effort to enter that rest so that noso that no
one will fall by followingone will fall by following their example oftheir example of
disobedience 4:11disobedience 4:11
► Do you get the point?Do you get the point?

47. Hebrews 6:4-6 Who is he talking to?Hebrews 6:4-6 Who is he talking to?
► a. been enlightened (NT church “enlightened” =a. been enlightened (NT church “enlightened” =
baptized)baptized)
► b. tasted the heavenly gift (salvation?)b. tasted the heavenly gift (salvation?)
► c. shared in the Holy Spiritc. shared in the Holy Spirit
► d. tasted the goodness of the wordd. tasted the goodness of the word
► e. tasted the coming age (saved)e. tasted the coming age (saved)
► Yes, you can fall away! Conclusion: You hadYes, you can fall away! Conclusion: You had
better move on toward maturity in Christ.better move on toward maturity in Christ.

48. Hebrews 6:4-8Hebrews 6:4-8
► It isIt is impossibleimpossible… if they fall away, to be brought back to… if they fall away, to be brought back to
repentance.repentance.
► They are crucifying the Son of God all over again.They are crucifying the Son of God all over again.
► Land that produces thorns… will be burned.Land that produces thorns… will be burned.

49. Falling Away Hebrews 10:26-31Falling Away Hebrews 10:26-31
► Crucifying the Son of God all over again.Crucifying the Son of God all over again.
► Subjecting Jesus to public disgraceSubjecting Jesus to public disgrace
► Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)Trampling the Son of God under foot. (Heb 10:29)
► Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)Insulted the Holy Spirit (Heb 10:29)
► Blasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (MattBlasphemed (spoken against) the Holy Spirit (Matt
12:32)12:32)
► Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16 )Committed the unforgivable sin (1 John 5:16 )
► What is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberatelyWhat is the “unforgivable sin?” To willfully, deliberately
continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)continue in sin. (Hebrews 10:26)
► Also; Hebrews 12:14-17, 12:25 you will not escape… ifAlso; Hebrews 12:14-17, 12:25 you will not escape… if
you turn away…you turn away…

50. God’s Assurance: Hebrews 6:9-20
Two unchangeable things:
God’s Word
God’s Oath (Genesis 22:16-18)
Jesus, your anchor, is behind the veil with the
Father

51. God’s Assurance: Hebrews 10:19-23
We have confidence to enter the Most Holy Place
Let us draw near to God… in full assurance of
faith.
For he who promised is faithful.
Hebrews 10:35-36 Do not throw away your
confidence; it will be richly rewarded…. You will
receive what he has promised.

52. SummarySummary
► Correct theology (God, Jesus, salvation) is harder to findCorrect theology (God, Jesus, salvation) is harder to find
than you think.than you think.
► Do not fall into the trap of relying on human reason tooDo not fall into the trap of relying on human reason too
heavily.heavily.
► Always protect the mystery.Always protect the mystery.
 TrinityTrinity
 JesusJesus
 Faith, Works and GraceFaith, Works and Grace

53. Pietist and Revivalist MovementsPietist and Revivalist Movements
 John (1703-1791) and Charles (1707-1788) WesleyJohn (1703-1791) and Charles (1707-1788) Wesley
 Stressed holiness, piety, personal relationship with GodStressed holiness, piety, personal relationship with God
 Arminian theologyArminian theology
 Reformer of AnglicanismReformer of Anglicanism
 Strong organizer: “Methodism”Strong organizer: “Methodism”
 George Whitehead Revivalist PreacherGeorge Whitehead Revivalist Preacher
 Friend of Wesley, but differed on Calvinism.Friend of Wesley, but differed on Calvinism.
 Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening (1730s and 40s)Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening (1730s and 40s)
 ““A sinner in the hands of an angry God.”A sinner in the hands of an angry God.”
 Sought an outward sign of God’s grace.Sought an outward sign of God’s grace.

54. The Enlightenment and the ChurchThe Enlightenment and the Church
 Isaac Newton and the Mechanical Universe 1687 Principia.Isaac Newton and the Mechanical Universe 1687 Principia.
 DesCartes and Rationalism.DesCartes and Rationalism.
 David Hume, Voltaire and others begin to apply skepticism toDavid Hume, Voltaire and others begin to apply skepticism to
Christian TheologyChristian Theology
 Deism: Intellectual/Rational revision of Christianity Deny trinity,Deism: Intellectual/Rational revision of Christianity Deny trinity,
virgin birth, resurrection of Jesus, etc. Joseph Priestly establishesvirgin birth, resurrection of Jesus, etc. Joseph Priestly establishes
the Unitarian Church. Franklin, Washington, Jefferson all deists.the Unitarian Church. Franklin, Washington, Jefferson all deists.
 John Locke and logical empiricism.John Locke and logical empiricism.

55. TheThe
Stone/CampbellStone/Campbell
MovementMovementRestoration or Reformation?Restoration or Reformation?

56. InfluencesInfluences
 Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientificFrancis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific
approach to the facts of the Bible.approach to the facts of the Bible.
 John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”
 The Scottish school of Common Sense PhilosophyThe Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy
(Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)(Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)
 The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians andThe Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and
other radical restorationist sects.other radical restorationist sects.

57. James O’Kelly
We are “Christians simply”

58. Rice Haggard 1769-1819Rice Haggard 1769-1819
“One thing I know, that whenever non-
essentials are made terms of communion, it
will never fail to have a tendency to
disunite and scatter the church of Christ.”

59. Barton W. Stone 1772-1844Barton W. Stone 1772-1844
The heart of the movementThe heart of the movement
The Cane Ridge Revival
The Last Will and Testament
of the Springfield Presbytery
“Let Christian Unity be our
Polar Star.”
“I do, so far as I see it
consistent with the word of
God.”

60. The Presbytery of Springfield, sitting at Cane Ridge,
in the county of Bourbon, being, through a gracious
Providence, in more than ordinary bodily health,
growing in strength and size daily; and in perfect
soundness and composure of mind; but knowing
what it is appointed for all delegated bodies once to
die: and considering that the life of every such body
is very uncertain, do take, and ordain this our Last
Will and Testament, in manner and following,….
And with that the Springfield Presbytery no longer
existed and the Stone movement began.

61. Thomas Campbell 1763-1851Thomas Campbell 1763-1851
Emigrated to Pennsylvania
1807
Suspended by Presbyterian
Church
The Declaration and Address
1809
Principles for unity of
Christians.

62. Alexander Campbell 1788-1866Alexander Campbell 1788-1866
The mind of the movementThe mind of the movement
Joined Thomas from
Scotland 1809
Believers only baptism 1812
Campbell/Walker Debate
1820
The Millennial Harbinger
1830
Bethany College 1840

63. Walter Scott (1796-1861)Walter Scott (1796-1861)
First evangelist in the movement
“Restored the gospel” in 1827
The five step “plan” of salvation
Scott’s: faith, repentance,
baptism, remission of sins, Holy
Spirit
CoC today: hear, believe, repent,
confess, be baptized

64. The crowning event of the earlyThe crowning event of the early
years:years:
1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time
1831 Decided to form a unified movement
Problems:
1.Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites)
2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs
teachers)
3.Teaching on baptism
4.Ordination of ministers
5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit

65. Hermeneutics of the MovementHermeneutics of the Movement
“Command, Example and Necessary Demonstrations.”
“Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is
silent, we are silent”
Sought Bible “facts.” Weak on principles. Tended
toward legalism.

66. The Turning Point:The Turning Point:
Were they a unity movement (a reformation) or a restoration
movement?
Stone and Campbell favored reformation (example; the
Christadelphians)
Walter Scott, Benjamin Franklin, Tolbert Fanning, David Lipscomb and
others moved toward restoration. Sought “the perfect pattern.”

67. The Dominating Influences in theThe Dominating Influences in the
MovementMovement
 The Colleges (Bethany College, David LipscombThe Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb
College, etc.)College, etc.)
 The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The MillennialThe Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial
Harbinger, The American Christian Review, TheHarbinger, The American Christian Review, The
Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)
 These were forces for unity and for divisionThese were forces for unity and for division

68. Points of disunity/divisionPoints of disunity/division
 Evangelism and inter-church organization (the MissionaryEvangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary
Society)Society)
 The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary SocietyThe Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society
supported the North)supported the North)
 The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter aThe “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a
church where an organ stands.”church where an organ stands.”
 Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.
 1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The
Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples ofChurch of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of
Christ.Christ.

69. David Lipscomb (1831-1917)
“Father” of the Church of Christ
Founder of Lipscomb University
Editor of the Gospel Advocate 1866-
1917
Daniel Sommer
“Watchdog” for the brotherhood.
“Daniel Sommer was a militant who left a
legacy of legalistic wrangling and divided
congregations.”

70. Other ControversiesOther Controversies
 One cup, Sunday School, “anti” churchesOne cup, Sunday School, “anti” churches
 PremillennialismPremillennialism
 For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; TheFor the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The
Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.
 UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs.UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs.
NACC (North American Christian Convention)NACC (North American Christian Convention)
 Two denominations by about 1950Two denominations by about 1950

71. Lessons to be learnedLessons to be learned
 Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strongUnity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong
hierarchical structure.hierarchical structure.
 Separating essential matters from the non-essential isSeparating essential matters from the non-essential is
harder than we think.harder than we think.
 A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needsA movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs
instruments to maintain unity.instruments to maintain unity.
 Careful thinking about theology, church structure andCareful thinking about theology, church structure and
history are required for long term growth and unity.history are required for long term growth and unity.
 It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups withIt is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with
whom we disagree.whom we disagree.

72. Book Recommendations:
Reviving the Ancient Faith (Hughes)
The Stone Campbell Movement (Garrett)
Into All Nations (Foster Stanback)
The Search for the Ancient Order (West)

73. Crossroads/Boston/ICOCCrossroads/Boston/ICOC
MovementMovement
 1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC
 1967 Chuck Lucas 141967 Chuck Lucas 14thth
Street CoC (Crossroads CoC)Street CoC (Crossroads CoC)
 Soul talksSoul talks
 Prayer partnersPrayer partners
 Emphasis on evangelismEmphasis on evangelism
 After 1975 “campus ministries”After 1975 “campus ministries”
 Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc…Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc…
 Many church splits resultedMany church splits resulted
 1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC
 ““sold out” disciples only in the churchsold out” disciples only in the church
 Amazing growthAmazing growth
 Emphasis on world evangelismEmphasis on world evangelism
 Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity ofVertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of
methodologymethodology

74. Boston/LA/ICOC movementBoston/LA/ICOC movement
(cont.)(cont.)
 Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985
 Official split with CoC 1986Official split with CoC 1986
 Who’s fault was it?Who’s fault was it?
 Church Reconstructions 1988Church Reconstructions 1988
 You are in or you are outYou are in or you are out
 Evangelization Proclamation 1994Evangelization Proclamation 1994
 Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of theKip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the
movement November, 2001movement November, 2001
 Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003
 Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”

75. Hermeneutics of CoC and ICOCHermeneutics of CoC and ICOC
 Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks,Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks,
we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”
 Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we areKip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are
silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”
 CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, BibleCoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible
collegescolleges
 Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency andKip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and
skeptical of theological training.skeptical of theological training.

76. Where Should We Go FromWhere Should We Go From
Here?Here?
Balance of autonomy and cooperationBalance of autonomy and cooperation
Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing oneFinding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one
another passagesanother passages
Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing ourMeeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our
simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up youngsimple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young
leadersleaders
Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balanceAppointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance
with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)
Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC andOur formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and
other groups.other groups.