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1. Ontology.

2. Ontology
 The philosophical study of the nature
of being, becoming, existence, reality.
 Matter is everything that surrounds us, which exists
outside our consciousness, that does not depend on
our consciousness, and that is or may be reflected
directly or indirectly in consciousness.
 Everything in the world is spatial and temporal.
Space and time are absolute.

3. Essential ontological dichotomies
 universals and particulars
 substance and accident
 abstract and concrete objects
 essence and existence
 determinism and indeterminism
 monism and dualism
 idealism and materialism

4. Ontology
 Subject - man having a material body and at the same
time having conscious, capable of active attitude to life to
meet his diverse needs.
 Individual, single leads to common by this or the other
way; and general, common exists through individual,
single.
 Every form of life seeks to affirm its own existence.
 Independence has philosophical categorical status
pervading being of all processes and things of the
Universe.

5. Ontology
 Phenomenon is essential, and essence is
manifested this or the other way.
 Quality is the certainty of a thing in being.
 Quantitative aspects - are spatial and time
characteristics of things such as their length, weight,
density, etc.
 Certain quantity corresponds to certain quality,
we call this measure.

6. Ontology
 Motion is any change, interaction and connection.
 Development are regularly forward irreversible
directed changes arising of internal
contradictions of an object.
 Progress is the ascent from simple to complex,
increase of internal organization of the developing
object.

7. Ontology
 System is an ordered and interrelated set of
elements.
 Elements are further indivisible parts underlying a
particular system.
 Structure is a set of stable relations and
connections between elements of a system.

8. Ontology
 Whole is a thing or a phenomenon containing its parts in
unity and determines their existence.
 A part is something that constitutes the whole and
absorbs its quality.
 Content means the totality of all components of an
object or a phenomenon, their properties and
relationships and contradictions.
 Form is a mode of existence of content, internal order
of things.

9. Ontology
 Cause is objects or phenomena which interacting
with each other experience changes or generate
other thing or phenomenon.
 Effect is a thing or a phenomenon that originates
under certain causes.
 Necessity is something that cannot be prevented,
something that will surely be happen in life.

11. Epistemology
 The branch of philosophy concerned with the theory
of knowledge.
Four main areas:
1) the philosophical analysis of the nature of
knowledge and how it relates to such concepts
as truth, belief, and justification;
2) problems of skepticism;
3) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified
belief;
4) the criteria for knowledge and justification.

12.  Statement must meet three criteria in order to be
considered knowledge: it must be justified, true,
and believed.
 The world is infinite in depth and in breadth. So, it
creates potentially endless possibilities for a
learning man. The purpose of scientific knowledge is
to reveal inner secrets, i.e. the essence of things, to
gain knowledge about them. Knowledge is always
an ideal representation of reality, because to
know something is to have the concept of the object
being studied.
Epistemology

13. Cognition methods
 Abstraction.
 Generalization.
 Analysis.
 Synthesis.
 Induction.
 Deduction.
 Extrapolation.
 Modeling.
 Historical and logical.
 Ascent from the abstract to the concrete.