4. EBM:
Way of critical thinking
Appropriate tool for sound clinical decisions
Problem solving approach
Life-long self-directed learning
5.
6. Use:
more effective intervention
proven therapies and diagnostic tests
only
Result in:
Better management of patients
Better patient outcomes.
Less harm or side-effects
Better communication with patients about the
rationale behind the management decisions.Aboubakr Elnashar
7. More efficient use of resources
Improve resource utilization
Reduced cost per patient.
Aboubakr Elnashar
8. Using the best available evidence :
Appropriate funding decisions.
More effective and efficient care
Aboubakr Elnashar
9. Upgrade knowledge routinely.
Up-to-date, Keeping up knowledge
explosion &med literature based on valid
evidence.
Improve clinicians’ understanding of research
methods & make them more critical in using
data.
Improves confidence in management
decisions. Relieve anxiety about uncertainty
Improves reading habits.
Aboubakr Elnashar
10. Gives team a framework for group
problem solving & for teaching
Enables juniors to contribute fully to
the team.
VI. The graduates:
EBM curricula
Self-directed
Problem-based
Aboubakr Elnashar
11. •There is a significant gap between
EBM & application of this to clinical
practices
12. Clinical
Practice
Research
Haynes calls this the “evidence transfer gap”. EBM seeks to close the gap
between completed research activity and the practice of medicine.
The “Evidence Transfer Gap”
EBM
Aboubakr Elnashar
13. •A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding.
•Can happen anywhere, in any situation: not understanding a
topic; not knowing the full story; hearing the wrong story… there’s
many reasons how one can misunderstand something.
15. 2. Expert opinion is the best evidence.
•Experience: “I always did it this way”
Clinical experience is crucial.
Clinical guideline should be based on
critical appraisal of medical literature
Aboubakr Elnashar
16. Traditional CME is completely ineffective in
changing our behavior.
A great deal of research reported in journals
is poorly done, poorly analyzed: not valid &
irrelevant to our patients and practices.
Only 20% of health care is EB (Kerr White, 2002)
Aboubakr Elnashar
17. Setting Type I Type II No Evid.
Cancer center (USA) 24% 21% 55%
Tertiary surgical center (USA) 14% 64% 22%
Primary care centers (Spain) 38% 4% 58%
General medicine hospital (UK) 53% 29% 18%
General psychiatric ward (UK) 65% 35%
Anesthesia (Australia) 32% 65% 3%
Aboubakr Elnashar
18. Decision based on pathophysiologic
principles may be incorrect
Aboubakr Elnashar
19. Certain rules of evidence are
necessary.
Systematic unbiased observation
increases the confidence of the
physician knowledge.
Aboubakr Elnashar
20. CAT = Critical appraisal of topic is
necessary
Critical appraisal: assessment of evidence
by systematically reviewing its relevance,
validity, results and applicability (RVRA)
Aboubakr Elnashar
21. 1. Relevance:
Common to our practice &
patient-oriented outcome (POEM) not DOE
2. Validity: Free from bias (Truth)
Randomization.
Follow up complete.
Intention to treat.
Blindness.
Similar groups at start.
Both groups treated equally.
3. Results:
Clinically important (magnitude and precession)
4. Applicability:
Applicable at my setting &
useful for my patients
Aboubakr Elnashar
22. •Derived from the Greek word mythos, which means "word of mouth."
•Something that is widely thought to be false
•Holy story
23. EBM focus on:
patient preference
clinical judgment of the
practitioner
best available evidence to
produce the best patient
outcomes
EBM takes into account the
circumstances of the patient
Aboubakr Elnashar
25. EBP is a patient-centered approach &
is highly individualized
Begin & end with the patient in mind
Any practice that fails to take into
account of the individual patient is not
EBP
Clinical evidence can never replace
individual clinical expertise because this
expertise decides whether the external
evidence applies to the patient (Sackett,
1998)
Aboubakr Elnashar
26. The traditional medical paradigm is based on
authority.
EBM is dependent on the use of RCT, systematic
reviews & meta-analysis, although it is not restricted
to these.
RCT is
the epitome of all research designs because its
design provides the strongest validity
It provides the best assurance that the result was
due to the intervention
Aboubakr Elnashar
27. RCT:
a group of patients is randomised into
study group & control group. These
groups are followed up for the
variables/outcomes of interest.
If the sample size is large enough, this
study design avoids problems of bias
and confounding variables
Aboubakr Elnashar
29. SR
A review of a clearly formulated question that
uses systematic & explicit methods to
1. identify, select and critically appraise relevant
research
2. collect & analyse data from the studies that are
included in the review
Meta-Analysis
The use of statistical techniques in a SR to
integrate the results of included studies.
Aboubakr Elnashar
31. Why SR on the top:
Rigorous methodology
Peer reviewed
Relatively large sample size
Ensures the highest quality evidenceAboubakr Elnashar
32. There are now many advocates of a more
inclusive approach to evidence:
Qualitative research is as valid a form of
evidence as quantitative research
There are now methodologies to systematic
review both numerical and textual findings of
research
EBP insists that each client is treated with
the best available evidence, that practitioners
make a genuine effort to find the best solution
given their resources.
Aboubakr Elnashar
33. It is not disputed that practice should be
grounded in theory, however it should be
predicated on the best available evidence
This is addressed by systematic reviews
Aboubakr Elnashar
35. This indicates a fundamental
misunderstanding of the financial
consequences
Physicians identify & implement the
most efficacious treatments to maximize
the outcomes for patients, this may
increase costs
EBP does not reduce the need for
treatments, it attempts to ensure that
each patient gets the best treatment
appropriate for his/her condition.
Aboubakr Elnashar
36. EBP incorporates the more
extensive processes of
SECONDARY & TERTIARY
RESEARCH
searching,
appraisal,
synthesis and
incorporation of the best available
evidence into practice
Aboubakr Elnashar
38. Refuted by audits from
within clinical care where at
least some inpatient clinical
teams have provided EB
care to patients
Busy clinicians who can
devote their scarce time can
practice EBM
Aboubakr Elnashar
39. EBP critically examines all
clinical procedures, critically
evaluating their appropriateness
for the specific situation.
Text books: Fail to recommend
Rx up to 10 ys after it’s been
shown to be efficacious.
Continue to recommend therapy
up to 10 ys after it’s been shown to
be useless.
Aboubakr Elnashar
40. The use of evidence is only one piece of
the clinical decision-making process.
Patient situations, preferences & values
are a key component in the process.
Aboubakr Elnashar
41. It is impossible for any practitioner
to keep up with the entire health care
literature {2 million articles published
annually, 6000 articles published
daily].
To keep up to date, physician should
read 19 articles/d.
Lag time from time of “knowing” to
time of implementation:
13 ys for thrombolytic therapy.
10 ys for corticosteroids to enhance
fetal lung maturity.Aboubakr Elnashar
42. Do not need skills in biomathematics or
statistics
Physicians can gain skills to make
independence decisions & can evaluate
expert opinions.
EBP does not mean continous running to
the library, but that clinicians should
remember to search for evidence to support or
refute their practice methods.
EBM reduces reading by quality filters
Aboubakr Elnashar
45. EBM approach depends on high-quality
literature, which is lacking in many areas of
medicine
There are more RCT each year
There are many other types of evidence to
make good decisions.
Aboubakr Elnashar
46. Many myths & misconceptions exist in
health care practice
Myths & misconceptions must be overcome
to implement EBM
EBM:
Aboubakr Elnashar