4. Euglenophytes
• Unicellular aquatic algae – both autotrophic
and heterotrophic
• Two flagella with different lengths
• Also called Euglenozoa, Euglenoids, and
Euglenophyta
• Heterotrophic
• Charasteristics genus is Euglena
• Swimmers but can change shape
• Can live as saprophytes, organisms that
absorb nutrients available in decayed material
5. Flagella
• Whip-like structure that acts like a cells motor
• Located on the anterior(front)
• Twirls weeeeeeee
• Reservoir
– Inward pocket where flagellum is attached
6. Chloroplast
• Traps sunlight used for photosynthesis
• Rod-like structures
Eyespot
• Found at the anterior end near the resevoir
• Helps find bright areas to gather sunlight for
photosynthesis
7. • Pellicle – stiff structure that help cell’s shape
• Nucleus
– center of the cell that contains the DNA
– Controls the cell’s activities
• Nuleolus
– Structure found within the nucleus
• Cytoplasm – jelly-like fluid found in the interior
• Contractile vacuole – star-like structure helps
remove excess water to prevent it from
exploding
8. Habitat
• Nutrient-rich freshwater system
• Some in salt waters
• Often abundant in quiet, inland waters where
they bloom and color the surface of ponds
and ditches green or red
9. Nutrition
• Heterotrophic – organic compounds
– Osmotrophic – dissolved nutrients
– Phagotrophic – engulfs
• Autotroph – produce own food
– Phototrophic – obtain energy
10. Reproduction: Asexual
• Mitosis
– Chromosomes in the nucleus are
separated, forming two identical sets in two
separate nuclei
• Cytokinesis
– Cytoplasm is divided to form two cells
11. Euglenophyta’s ecology
• Highly eutrophic environments, rich in
minerals
• Often found in ponds and ditches near cow
pasture, hog lots, chicken farms, etc.
• Thick green or red scum on the surface of the
algae bloom
• Often found in water
• Can be used as indicators of polluted areas
12. Euglena gracilis
• Eat green algae and use it to make food
• Undergoes the process of mitosis
• Reproduce better
• Preys on tiny organisms like amoeba and
paramecium
• Harmless to humans, often signs of polluted
water
13. Euglena sanguinea
• Found in red tides
• Has astaxanthin
• Use the pigment to protect chloroplasts from
intense light
• May change to green pigment as red pigments
move to the center
16. flagellum
• Propels organism by spinning.
• Wraps around the organism between two
thick plates of cellulose
• Has two ______
• Traverse flagellum
• Longitudinal flagellum
17. Ecology
• Photosynthetic -> primary producers
• Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
• Has symbiotic relationships with some corals
• Eats waste of animals
• Can cause red tide
• Some can produce neurotoxins
• Limiting nutrient number
18. • Luminescene – luciferases activate luciferin
which require oxygen
• Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium – produces toxin
in red tides
• Notiluce scintillans – phagotrophic
dinoflagellate
• Some have endosymbionts
19. Types of pigments
• Chlorophyll – green
• Carotene – yellow
• Xanthophyll - brown
20. Chrysophytes and Diatoms
• Chrysophytes – golden
• Carotenoids – pigments
– Fucoxanthin: yellow-brown
• Stores food as oil
• Very diverse
• Reproductions varies:
– Asexual and sexual
• Movement: gliding motion
– Has a mucin
– Some travel in colonies
21. Structure
• Cell wall
– Rigid
– Has pectin or silica
– Some have none: ameboid
• Flagella
– Some have one or two
24. Algae
• Live near or in bodies of water
• Has no vascular tissue
• Most are multicellular, some unicellular or
colonial
• Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual
and asexual stages
• Well adapted to life in water and intertidal
zone
25. Adaptation to water
• Thin leaf-life structure
• Diffusion of materials through body
• No stems
• Ease of sexual reproduction
27. Rhodophyta
• Pigments:
– Chl a(all)
– Phycoerythrin absorbs blue light
– Appears green, pink, red, purple, black
• Food reserve: Floridean starch
• No flagella and centrioles
• Lives in marine but some in freshwater or
polar regions
• Mostly multicellular
28. Phaeophyta
• Pigments:
– Chl a and c
– Fucoxanthin
– Dusky olive/ yellow-brown
• Lives in marine but sometimes in coastal
waters
• Food reserve: laminarin
• All multicellular
29.
30.
31. Chlorophyta
• Pigments:
– chl a and b
– Carotenoids
• Food reserve: starch
• Lives in freshwater, marine, moist
• Cell wall – cellulose
• Uni-, multi-, celullar or colonial
• Ancestors of modern plants
32. Clamydomonas
• 2 flagella
• Cup-shaped chloroplast
• 2 small contractile vacuoles
• Eyespot
• Cell wall not made of
cellulose
• Found in ditches
33. • Gonium
– 4-42 cells living together, funtion independently
• Volvox
– 500-50,000 – arranged in hollow spheres
• Oedogonium
– Thread like colonies
– holdfast cell attached to bottom
– Asexual: broken filaments divide and grow
– Sexual: formation of gametes
49. • Sporophyte
– Stalk: holds up capsule
– Capsule: produces
spores
– Fully dependent on
gametophyte
• w/ rhizoids
50.
51. Liverworts
• Phylum Hepaticophyta
– Live in constantly wet plaes
Sexual:
• Gametophyte: like flat green leaves on the
ground or lobed shaped like a liver
• Sporophyte: tiny umbrella structure
52. Asexual reproduction
• Gemmae:
– Multicellular spheres w/ many haploid cells
– Divided by mitosis
• Gemma cups
– Cup-like structures that produce gemmae
56. Vascular Plants: Tracheophytes
• Tracheo “wind pipe” or “vascular”
• Xylem(water and minerals)
• Phloem(sugars from leaves)
• Larger and more complex
• Sporophyte is more prominent
• Demonstrate increase levels of ogranization
58. Division Lycophyta: Club mosses
• Oldest extant group
• Sporangia organized into
strobili
• Homosporous /
heterosporous
• Contained vascular tissue
Example genera:
• Lycopodium: bisexual
– Isospores: gametophytes
• Selaginella:
– Small – microspore – male
– Larger – megaspore - female
59. Division Sphenophyta: Scouring rushes
• Whorls – leaves produced at nodes
• Isospores
• Spores being elaters
– Gametophyte – small, photosynthetic, free living
• Silica concentrated
• Jointed stems
60.
61. Division Psilophyta
• Oldest living lineage of vascular plants
• Lack roots
• Stem is photosynthetic
• No leaves but enations not vascular
• Resembles cooksonia