Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and Applications

Formulaeand Manufacturing Process
of
Emulsifiers
with Uses and Applications

Introduction
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Emulsifier is an organic compound that encompasses in the same
molecule two dissimilar structural groups e.g. water soluble and a
water insoluble moiety. It is the ingredient which binds the water and
oil in a cream or lotion together permanently. The composition,
solubility properties, location and relative sizes of these dissimilar
groups in relation to the overall molecular configuration determine the
surface activity of a compound. Emulsifiers are classified on the basis
of their hydrophilic or solubilizing groups in to four categories anionic,
non ionic, cationics and amphoterics.

Emulsifier is utilized in various industries; agriculture, building and
construction, elastomers & plastics, food & beverages, industrial
cleaning, leather, metals, paper, textiles paints & protective coatings etc.
An emulsion is an ideal formulation for the administration. The emulsion
form allows uniform application of a small amount of active ingredient
on the surface of the skin. Some of the important emulsions in different
field are pharmaceutical emulsions, rosin & rubber emulsion, textile
emulsions, pesticide emulsions, food emulsions, emulsion in paint
industry, emulsion in polish industry, leather & paper treatment
emulsions etc. Various cosmetics creams, such as moisturizers, contain
emulsifiers.

Lighter, less greasy feeling creams are oil in water emulsions; heavier
creams used to treat rough skin are water in oil emulsions, with oil as the
main ingredient. Liquid soaps, toothpastes and other body care products
also contain emulsifiers. Emulsifiers have the ability to optimize the
concentration of certain nutrients in an emulsion. For example, in hair
conditioners, some conditioning agents can damage hair if not properly
diluted in the solution. Emulsifiers are among the most frequently used
types of food additives. Emulsifiers can help to make a food appealing.
Emulsifiers have a big effect on the structure and texture of many foods.
Increasing demand for low fat food among health conscious consumers is
gradually driving the market for emulsifiers.

Besides stabilizing emulsions, emulsifiers derived from non
hydrogenated fats help in maintaining sensory characteristics of food
such as texture, flavor, and taste that are often lost due to fat reduction.
This characteristic of making healthier products similar in taste to fat
containing versions has enabled emulsifiers in gaining widespread
acceptance in the market. The global food industry is also witnessing
increase in demand for multipurpose emulsifiers that perform functions
of both stabilization and emulsification.

Food emulsifiers are among the commonly used food additives. Emulsifiers
help make food more appealing due to their effect on the texture and
structure of food items. Food emulsifiers help process food and maintain
its freshness and taste. They are in demand due to the growth in demand
for convenience and packaged foods worldwide and are being used to
provide stability in bakery, meat, and confectionary products. One of the
major food additives is the Emulsifier market which is estimated to grow
from$2333 million in 2014 to $3173.08 million in 2020 with a CAGR of
5.26% from 2014 to 2020. There is a growing need to minimize the fat
percentage in foods and emulsifiers are the food additives to address the
same.

Emulsifiers help maintain food quality and the rise of foodborne
ailments has increased the need for food emulsifiers due to their
capability to preserve food. Emulsifiers are widely used across the globe
as these improve the texture, product consistency, aid in blending the
ingredients well and provide good taste to the product. The significance
of using emulsifiers in various food products is due to having functional
properties and numerous benefits associated with its use.
One of the major factors driving emulsifier market is their rising
applications in the food and beverage industry as well as in personal
care products. Natural emulsifiers having applications in low fat food are
expected to grow in the near future.

Lecithin is a natural emulsifier with huge demand in the market
due its superiority over the substitutes. Manufacturers are
concentrating on various multi-use constituents like emulsifiers
for personal care products and are involved in many research and
development activities for the same. Emulsifiers are also finding
steady growth in the pharmaceutical products segment. In
addition, the increasing research and development in other
industry segments for emulsifiers also promises a high demand
growth in the market.

Some of the fundamentals of the book are characteristics and application of
emulsifiers, wetting and detergent structures in emulsifier, effect of
surfactant on the properties of solutions, wetting characteristics of
emulsifiers, formulated emulsifiers, non surfactant functional additives,
inert fillers, functional surfactant additives, uses of emulsifiers, household
and personal products, industrial uses of emulsifier, anionic surfactants, non
ionic surfactants, cationic, amphoteric and enzyme, alkylolamides,
vinylarene polymers, alkyl sulfates, ethoxylation processes, application of
emulsifiers, etc. The present book contains manufacturing processes of
various types of emulsifiers which have applications in different industries,
along with photographs of machinery and equipments. This is a resourceful
book for scientists, technologists, entrepreneurs and ingredients suppliers.

Table of Contents
1. Characteristics and Application of Emulsifiers
Introduction, Classification of Emulsifiers,
Solubility & Surface Activity of Emulsifiers, Wetting and Detergent Structures
in Emulsifier, Effect of Surfactant on the Properties of Solutions, Wetting
Characteristics of Emulsifiers, Micellar Soluilization of Emulsifiers, Formulated
Emulsifiers, Non- Surfactant Functional Additives, Inert Fillers, Functional Surfactant
Additives, Uses of Emulsifiers, Household and Personal Products, Industrial Uses.
2. Industrial Uses of Emulsifier
Agriculture, Building and Construction, Elastomers and Plastics, Food and
Beverages, Industrial Cleaning, Leather, Metals, Paper, Paints and Protective
Coatings, Petroleum Production and Products, Textiles, Biodegradable Emulsifiers
and Water Pollution, Biodegradation, Water Pollution, Re- cent Trends.

3. Anionic Surfactants
Introduction, Carboxylates, Soap, N-Acyls- arcosinates, Acylated Protein Hydrolysates,
Sulfonates, Alkyl benzene Sulfonates, Petroleum Sulfonates, Dialkyl Sulfosuccinates,
Naphthalene Sulfonates, N-acyl-N-alkyltaurates, 2-Sulfoethyl Esters of Fatty Acids,
Olefin Sulphonates, Sulfates & Sulfated fates (Sulfated Alcohols), Sulfated Natural Fats
and Oils, Sulfated Alkanolamides, Sulfated Esters, Ethoxylated and Sulfated
Alkyl phenols, Ethoxylated and Sulfated Alcohols, Phosphate Esters.
4. Non-Ionic Surfactants
Introduction, Polyoxyethylene Surfactants,
Ethoxylated Alkyl Phenols, Ethoxylated
Aliphatic Alcohols, Carboxylic Esters, Glycerol Esters, Polyethylene Glycol
Esters, Anhydrosorbitol Esters, Ethoxylated Anhydrosorbitol Esters, Glycol Esters of
Fatty Acids, Ethoxylated Natural Fats, Oils and Waxes, Carboxylic Amides,
Diethanolamine Condensates, Monoalkanolamine Condensates, Poly- oxyethylene
Fatty Acids Amides, Polyalkylene Oxide Block Copolymers, Polyoxypropylene-
Polyoxyethylene Derivatives, Organo Silicones Derivatives.

5. Cationic, Amphoteric and Enzyme Detergents
Cationic Detergents, Amines not containing Oxygen, Oxygen- Containing
Amines, Except Amides, Amine Oxides, Polyoxy ethylene Alkyl and Alicyclic Amines,
2-Alkyl- 1-(hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines, N, N, N' N'-Tetrakis-substituted Ethylen
ediamines, Other Miscellaneous Cationic Surfactants, Amines Having Amide
Linkages, Quaternary Ammonium Salts, Amphoteric Surfactants, Enzyme
Detergents.
6. Sulfonated Oils
Historical Background, Chemistry of Sulfation and Sulfonation, Applications of
Sulfonated Oils, Manufacture of Sulfonated Oils, Sulfation, Sulfonation, Sulfation of
individual Oils, Characteristics and Analysis of Sulfonated Sulfated Oils.

7. Alkylolamides
Introduction, Alkylolamides in Shampoo Formulations, Chemistery of the Alkylola-
mides, Mono-Alkylolamides, Di-Alkylolamides, Pure Di-Alkyl olamides,
Phosphoxylated Alkylolamides, Sulphated Alkylola- mides, Foam Stabilization,
Manufacture of Alkylol- amides, Coconut Fatty Acid Die thanolamide, Lauric Acid
Dieth anolamide, Oleic Acid Monoethan olamide, Stearic Acid Mono ethanolamide.
8. Vinylarene Polymers
Monomers, Anionic Polymerization, Polymer
Reactions, Stereoregular Polymerization, Cationic Polymerization, Free-Radical
Polymerization, Polymer Properties, Electrical Proper- ties, Utility and Application.
9. N-Acyl-N-Alkyltaurates
Introduction, Applications of Igepon T Products, Future of Igepons, Manufacture of
Igepon T, Raw Materials, Oleic Acid Chloride, Igepon T Gel, Igepon T Powder,
Chemical Control, Utilities, Materials of Construction.

10. Vinylamine Polymers
Preparation, Polymerization Followed by Hydrolysis, Polymerization Followed by
Reduc- tion, Hofmann Degradation of Poly(acrylamide), Polymerization Kinetics,
Copolymers of Vinyl-,Amine Properties, Chemical Reactions of Poly (vinyl-mine),
Uses.
11. Alkyl Sulfates
Introduction, Manufacture of Alcohols, Properties and Performance Characteristics
of Alkyl Sulfates, Krafft Point, Critical Micelle Concentration, Surface and Interfacial
Tens- ions, Wetting Time, Foam Height, Detergency, Dishwashing Test, Emulsion
Stability,
Manufacture of Alkyl Sulfates, Sulfation with Chlorosulfonic Acid, Sulfation with
Sulfuric Acid, Sulfation with Sulfur Trioxide, Manufacture of Alkyl Sulfated on Large
Scale, Formulated Products from Alkyl Sulfates.
12. N-Vinyl Amide Polymers
Monomers, Manufacture, Polymerization, Properties of Poly( vinyl Amides), Other
Poly (vinyl Amides), Uses, Cosmetics and Toiletries,

Textiles and Dyes, Pharmaceuticals, Adhesives, Beverage Clarification,
Miscellaneous Uses, Specifications and Standards, Analytical and Test Methods,
Health and Safety Factors.
13. Olefin Sulfate and Sulfonates
Introduction, Olefin Sulfates, Raw Materials and Product Composition, Olefin
Sulfates from Shale Oil, Olefin Sulfate from Wax Cracked Distillates, Sulfation,
Neutralization and Hydrolysis, Evaporation, Finishing, Solvent Recovery, Olefin
Sulfates, Introduction, Products of Sulfonation, Manufacture of Olefin Sulfonates
Introduction, Batch Sulfonation, Continuous Sulfonation, Sulfonation with Dioxane-
SO3 , Characteristics & Surface Active Properties of Olefin Sulfonates, Formulated of
Heavy-Duty Detergents with Ole fin Sulfonates.
14. Ethoxylation Processes
Introduction, Ethoxylated Alkyl Phenols, Laboratory Method of Preparation, Batch
Ethoxylation Unit, Properties of Ethoxylated Alkyl Phenols.

15. Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohols
Introduction, Laboratory Method of Prep- aration, Continuous Ethoxylation Unit,
Properties of Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohols, Solubility, Cloud Point, Surface and
Interfacial Tension, Detergency, Wetting Properties, Foaming Properties,
Emulsifying Properties, Ethoxylated Fatty Acids, Introduction, Manufacture,
Properties of Fatty Acid Ethoxylates, Ethoxylated Fatty Amines, Formulations.
16. Alkyl Phenol Ether Sulfates
Introduction, Sulfation and Sulfonation, Man- ufacture of Alkyl Phenol Ether
Sulfates, Sulfamation, Nonylphenol 4-ethoxy Sulfate, Di- (isohexyl /
isoheptyl)phenol Ether Sulfate, Do- decylphenol Ether Sulfate, Sulfation with
Sulfur Trioxide, Comparison of Sulfation with Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfamic Acid,
Properties and Performance Characteristics of Alkyl Phenol Ether Sulfates.

17. Alkyl Ether Sulfates
Introduction, Properties & Performance Characteristics of Alkyl Ether Sulfates,
Individual Alkyl Ether Sulfates, Tallow Alcohol Ether Sulfates, Manufacture of
Alkyl Ether Sulfates, Process Development, Manufacture of Alcohol Ether
Sulfates, Formulated Products From Alkyl Ether Sulfates.
18. Fatty Amine Oxides
Introduction, Manufacture of Fatty Amine Oxi- des, Routes to Fatty Amines,
Amine Oxidation, Commercial Synthesis, Properties and Analysis of Fatty
Amine Oxides, Amine Oxide Properties, Analytical Methods, Formulations and
Use of Fatty Amine Oxides, Light- Duty Liquids, Heavy Duty Formulations.
19. Bisquaternery and Other Cationic
Softeners
Introduction, Preparation of Bisqu- aterneries, 2- Butene-Bridged-
Bisquaterneries,

Diphenyloxide- Bridged-Bisquaterneries, Diethyleneoxide-Bridged- Bisquaterneries,
p-Xylylene-Bridged-Bisquaterneries,2-Butyne-Bridged-Bisquaterneries, Performance
Evaluation of Softeners, Multiwash Softeners Evaluati- on, Softness Evaluation,
Rewettability Measurements, Performance Characteristics of Bisquaterneries and
Other Cationics Softeners, Softener Concentration, Fabric Rewettability
Measurements.
20. Other Miscellaneous Emulsifiers
(i) Alkyl Naphthalene Sulfonates
Introduction, General Method of Manufacture, Nekal ‘BXG; Nekal ‘BX' Extra Strong,
Dibutyl Naphthalene Sulfonate, Diamyl Naphthalene Sulfonate.
(ii) Sulfated Alkylolamides
Introduction, Igepon ‘B' Paste, Igepon ‘C' Paste, Sodium-N-2-hydroxyethyl-hexa
decanamide H Sulfate.

(iii) Sodium B-Sulfoethyl Esters of Fatty Acids
Introduction, Manufacture of Igepon A.
(iv) Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters
Introduction, Manufacturing Process, Fatty Acid Esters of Sucrose.
(v) N-Acylsarcosinates
Introduction, Manufacture of Sodium N- Oleoylsarcosinate.
(vi) Sulfated Monoglyceride
Introduction, Manufacture.
21. Application of Emulsifiers
(i) Pharmaceutical Emulsions
Introduction, Cod Liver Oil Emulsions, Ointments, Beeler's Base, Washable Ointment
Base, Greaseless Base, Ointment Washable Type, Steroidal Emulsion, Aeriflavine
Ointment, Aluminium Acetate Lotion, Typical Antibiotic, Anesthetic and Anti-
Inflammatory Ointment,

O/W Type Benzyl Ointment, O/W Boric Acid Ointment, W/O Calamine Cream, W/O
Emollient Ointment, Solubilized Hexachlorophene, O/W Oxyquinoline Sulphate
Ointment, Penicillin Ointment.
(ii) Rosin and Rubber Emulsion
Rosin Emulsion, PVA Resin Emulsion, Pentaerythritol Abietate Emulsion, Methyl
Methacrylate Emulsion, Polystyrene Resin Emulsion,
Polyvinyl Ether Emulsion, Synthetic Rubber Emulsion Polymerization, Chlorinated
Rubber Emulsion, Wall Tile Adhesive, Black Industrial Cement, Reclaim Asphalt
Dispersion Cement, General Purpose Cement, Rubber Dressing.
(iii)Textile Emulsions
Antistatic Textile Dressing, Lustre Emulsion for Starching, Root proofing Emulsion,
Textile Softeners, Textile Gloss Oil, Yarn Finish, Soluble Textile Oil, Rope
Preservative, Synthetic Thread Lubricant, Acetate Rayon Oil, Screen Printing
Emulsion, Mineral Oil Emulsion, Rayon Delustering.

(iv) Pesticides Emulsions
Malathion Wettable Powder, Dieldrin Formulation, Lindane Formulation, Ronnel
Formulation, Butyl Ester of 2, 4-D Formulation, Fruit Coating Wax Emulsion, Cattle
Dips, DDT Formulation, Chlordane Formulation, Heptachlor Formulation, Aldrin
Formulation, Endrin Emulsion Concentrate.
(v) Food Emulsion
Chocolate Milk, Stabilized, Artificial Cream, Lemon Oil Emulsion, Transparent Lemon
Oil Emulsion, Orange Emulsion, Bitter Almond Emulsion, Butter Substitute,
Mayonnaise, Salad Dressings, Coffee Whitener Liquid, Coffee Whitener (Spray Dried),
Ice Cream Mix, Pickle Flavour Emulsion, Starch Paste.
(vi) Emulsions in Paint Industry
Flat Interior Paint, Semi gloss White Latex Paint, Gloss Emulsion Paint, Exterior Latex
Paint, Exterior White Paint, Interior White Paint, Resin Oil Emulsion.

(vii)Emulsions in Polish Industry
Automobile Polish, ‘Dry Bright' Floor Polish, Paste Polishes, Mineral Oil Emulsion
Polishes, Silicone Polishing Cloth, Paste Type, Automobile Cleaner Polish.
(viii)Leather and Paper Treatment Emulsions
Leather Finishes, Fat Liquors, Leather Dressing,
Shoemaker's Wax Burnishing Polish, Softner for Leather Goods, Leather Pasting,
Coating for Paper, Water Resistant Coating for Paper, Grease Resistant Paper Coating.
(ix) Cutting Oils, Soluble Oils, Miscible Oils
Napthenic Miscible Oils, Cutting Oils, Mold Release Compound.
(x) Cleaners
All Purpose Cleaners, Pine Base Cleaner,
Hand Dishwashing Detergent, Machine Dish- washing Liquid, Household Heavy Duty

Detergent, Household Light Duty Detergent, Fine Fabric Detergent, Hydrogen
Peroxide Emulsions, Floor Wax Remover, Rug Cleaner, Shoe Cleaner, Waterless Hand
Cleaners, Acid Aluminium Cleaner, Copper Cleaner, Degreaser Formulation, Light
Duty Steam Cleaner, Alkaline Cleaner, Mercerization Formulation, Powdered Caustic
Bottle Washing Compound, White Wall Tire Cleaner.
22. Determination of Physical Surface
Active Characteristics of Emulsifiers
Introduction, Physical Characteristics, Density of Powdered Detergents, Apparent
Bulk Density, Cup Density, Particle Size of Powdered Detergents, Hand Sieving,
Machine Sieving, pH and Alkalinity, Free Alkalinity, Cloud Point of Non-ionic
Detergents, Viscosity, Surface-Active Properties, Ring Method, Experimental
Procedure, Determination of Surface Tension, Determination of Interfacial Tension,
Calculation of Surface Tension, Calculation of Interfacial Tension, Performance
Characteristics, Dishwashing Tests, Laundry Evaluation, Split Item Tests, Bundle Test,
Foam Tests, Dynamic Foam Test, Pour Foam Test, Wetting Test, Canvas Disc Test,
Skein Test.

23. Analysis of Emulsifiers
Introduction, Separation of Surfactants, Identification of Components, Anionics,
Cationics, Nonionics, Determination of Surfactants, Total Organic Active Ingredient,
Procedure, Correction for Sodium Chloride Content, Anionic Surfactants, Preliminary
Estimate of Mol. Wt., Titration with Cationic Surfactants, Preparation and
Standardization of Titrant, Titration of Sample, Amine Complexation Method,
Determination of Alkylaryl Sulfonates, Determination of Alkylaryl Sulfonates in the
Presence of Short Alkyl Chain Sulfonates, Determination of Fatty Alcohol Sulfates,
Cationic Surfactants, Determination of Amine Oxides, Non-Ionic Surfactants,
Column Techniques, Batch Technique, Tooth Powders, Bath Powders, Light-Duty
Liquid Detergent.
24. Photographs of Machinery and Equipments
Vacuum emulsifying machine-lift cylinder, Vacuum emulsifying machine-lift cylinder,
Vacuum emulsifying machine-mini split, Grinding Machine, Stirrer Homogeneous
Emulsifier, Corrosion- Resistant Filling Machine, Storage Tank, Vacuum Cream
Emulsifier Mixer, Vacuum Homogenizer, Meat Emulsifier, Industrial Emulsifier,
Dispersing Machine, Sigma Mixer.

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