Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. In the 20th century science of the atmosphere proceeded to the study of the composition of air and to the consideration of how concentrations of gases existing as traces in the atmosphere had modified over time and of chemical processes that create and destroy compounds in the air. We'll take the basics in this presentation.

1. The Atmosphere

2. The Atmosphere
Atmosphere – gaseous part of
the Earth
Composed of
1. Nitrogen about 78% percent;
2. Oxygen about 21%;
3. the rest traced gases

3. Layers of the Atmosphere
Composed of
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

4. Layers of the Atmosphere
Composed of
1. Troposphere – 8-15 km, where weather
occurs
2. Stratosphere – jet streams; ozone layer
i. Ozone layer – protects us against UV rays
ii. Ozone hole – a hole in the layer, caused
by the reaction of CFC with Ozone
3. Ionosphere
i. Mesosphere – meteors burnt up here
ii. Thermosphere – auroras, space shuttle
4. Exosphere – merges into space
The structure of our atmosphere.mp4 - Shortcut.lnk

6. Weather & Climate
Weather – day to day experience/
condition of the atmosphere in an area
Ex: Fair, Sunny, Windy, Rainy
Climate – pattern of weather in an area
throughout the year
Ex: 4 seasons

7. Air Pressure & Humidity
Atmospheric Pressure –
pressure of gas in an area;
high pressure means fair
weather; measured by a
barometer
Humidity – the amount of
water vapor in the
atmosphere; measured by a
psychrometer or a hygrometer
Weather Instruments.mp4 - Shortcut.lnk

8. Air Pressure & Humidity
Atmospheric Pressure –
pressure of gas in an area;
high pressure means fair
weather; measured by a
barometer
Humidity – the amount of
water vapor in the
atmosphere; measured by a
psychrometer or a hygrometer
Weather Instruments.mp4 - Shortcut.lnk

9. Anemometer Thermometer
• This is used to measure wind speed.
• This is used
to measure
temperature

10. RAIN GAUGE
•A rain gauge is a weather instrument which measures
the amount of rain which falls.
•Usually reported as inches or centimeters.

11. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
-region that circles the Earth,
near the equator,
-where the trade winds of
the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres come
together.
-intense sun and warm
water of the equator heats
the air in the ITCZ, raising its
humidity and causing it to
rise.

12. Changes in the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect – when
infrared or heat cannot
escape in our atmosphere
because of the
accumulation of CO2 and
other greenhouse gases,
which causes the rise of
temperature of the Earth
Global Warming – the cyclic
warming of the Earth

14. Climate Change

15. Elements of Weather
1. Temperature – varies with altitude and sun’s rays
(direct & indirect)
2. Air pressure – cold air is heavier and sinks to the
ground while warm air rises
3. Wind – horizontally moving air
4. Humidity
5. Precipitation – may be in the form of Rain, Drizzle
(taligsik), Snow, Sleet (rainy ice), or Hail (stones of ice)
6. Clouds

16. Types of Clouds

17. 1. High-level clouds: Cirrus (feather-like) ,
Cirrostratus (thin clouds, halo around the sun),
and Cirrocumulus (looks like scales of a fish)
2. Middle-level clouds: Altostratus (thin gray),
Altocumulus (mackerel sky), and Nimbostratus
(thick, associated with rain and snow)
3. Low-level clouds: Cumulus (white, fluffy,
cotton-like, indicating fair weather),
Cumulonimbus (thunderstorms and heavy
rainfall), Stratus (broad and covers the whole
sky, mist and drizzle) and Stratocumulus (low,
lumpy clouds appearing in rows)

18. Philippine Climate
• Philippine climate is described as tropical and
maritime.
• High rainfall, highly humid, with mean annual
temperature of 28.3 degrees Celsius.
• Coolest temperature is recorded in Baguio.
• PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration)

19. Philippine Monsoons
1. Amihan – Northeast Monsoon,
September – June
2. Habagat – Southwest Monsoon, July to
August

20. Weather Disturbance
PAG-ASA categories:
1. Tropical Depression – less than 63 kph
2. Tropical Storm – 63-118 kph
3. Typhoon – greater than 118 kph
A. Typhoon – Pacific Ocean
B. Cyclone – Indian Ocean
C. Hurricane – Atlantic Ocean

21. El Niño and La Niña
El Niño – “little boy” or “boy child”, a
phenomenon that happens in the Pacific Ocean
when warm surface waters from the Eastern
equatorial Pacific Region migrates; happens
every 3 – 7 years
La Niña - produced by cooler surface water
temperature in the Pacific Ocean, counter part
of El Niño, rainy weather