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Scales of measurement and presentation of data
1.
2. To define data.
To enumerate various types of data with examples.
To know about the various scales of measurement.
To enumerate the various sources for collection of data.
To explain various methods of presentation of data.
To select appropriate method of presentation depending upon the type
of data.
3. - Facts or figures from which
conclusions can be drawn.
- Data can relate to an enormous
variety of aspects.
e.g.:
Weight and height measurements
of students in a class.
Blood pressure and pulse
recording of patients attending
medicine opd.
Temperature of a city (measured
every hour), for a period of 1
week.
4. QUALITATIVE DATA and QUANTITATIVE DATA
PRIMARY DATA and SECONDARY DATA
GROUPED DATA and UNGROUPED DATA
5. Also called as categorical data.
It represents a particular quality or
attribute.
e.g. Colour of hair, Cured or not
cured, Religion, Gender, Smoking
status, etc.
6. It represents Numerical Data.
E.g.
Height in cms, Weight in kgs, Hb in
gm%, Serum Bilirubin in gm/dl, BP in
mm/hg etc.
It may be Continuous or Discrete
7. Values are distinct and separate.
Values are invariably whole
numbers.
e.g.
Age in completed years, Number of
OPV vials opened in an
immunization session, Number of
children in a family, etc.
8. Those which have uninterrupted
range of values.
Possibility of getting fractions like
.23, .89, .99
Depending on our requirement,
we can express the weight as 51
kg or 50.96 kg.
10. Presented individually.
Example: Name Blood Pressure
Person1 140/90 mm Hg
Person2 150/100 mm Hg
Person3 150/100 mm Hg
Person4 140/90 mm Hg
Person5 140/90 mm Hg
Person6 150/100 mm Hg
Person7 140/90 mm Hg
Person8 120/80 mm Hg
Person9 120/80 mm Hg
11. These are the data
directly obtained from the
individual.
Ex:- Height, Weight, Sex,
Religion etc. directly
asked from the individual.
12. These are the data
obtained from
secondary source.
Ex : Census data,
Hospital records, etc.
13. Defined as the application of
rules to assign numbers to
objects (or attributes).
Values made meaningful by
quantifying into specific units.
Measurements act as labels
which make those values
more useful in terms of
details.
Mr. X is Tall.
Mr. X is 6 feet tall
15. When one measures by this
scale, one simply names or
categorizes the responses.
They do not imply any ordering
among the responses.
Example:
Gender, Religion, Blood group
etc.
16. Characteristics can be put in ordered
“natural categories”.
There are distinct classes.
Can be ordered on the basis of their
magnitude.
Example:
Disease status (advanced, moderate, mild).
Pain status ( mild, moderate, severe).
Socio economic status, etc.
17. Observations are made in a scale.
Differences between any two
successive numbers is fixed and
equal.
Absolute zero doesn’t exist.
Example:
Dates, Body Temperature, etc.
19. Quantitative Qualitative
Hb levels in gm% Anemic or Non-anemic
Height in cms Tall or Short
Blood Pressure in mm hg Hypo, Normo or
Hypertensive
IQ scores Idiot, Genius or Moron
20. 1. Census
2. Registration of vital events
3. Sample Registration system
4. Notification of diseases
5. Hospital records
6. Epidemiological Surveillance
7. Surveys
8. Research Findings
22. Usually the first step of
presentation and analysis of data.
Can be :
1. Simple
2. Complex
(depending on the number of
measurements of a single set or
multiple sets of items)
23. Table must be numbered.
Brief and self explanatory title.
Headings of columns and rows : clear, concise, sufficient and fully
defined.
Presentation of data : acc. to size of importance, chronologically,
alphabetically and geographically.
Mention the number of observations from which proportions are
derived.
24. Details of deliberate exclusions must be given.
Shouldn’t be too large.
Figures needing comparison must be placed as close as possible.
Arrangement to be vertical.
Footnotes to be given wherever possible.
25. Table 1: Number of cases of various bites attending ARC, MKCGMCH in Jan2016
Type of bite Cases
Dog 650
Monkey 120
Cat 87
Bear 2
Others 5
TOTAL 864
26. Table 2: Cases of malaria in adults and children in the months of June and July 2010
MKCG Medical College and Hospital.
27. ADVANTAGES:
Simple
Easy to understand
Save a lot of words
Self explanatory
Has a clear title indicating its content
Fully labeled
28. PRINCIPLES :
Simple (consistent with the purpose)
Self explanatory.
Title of graph should be written below the graph.
Scale Lines should be drawn heavier than coordinate lines.
Frequency- Vertical scale.
Classification – Horizontal scale.
29. Qualitative data
• Bar diagram.
• Pie or sector diagram.
• Venn diagram.
• Pictogram or picture diagram.
• Map diagram or spot map.
Quantitative data
• Histogram.
• Frequency polygon.
• Frequency curve.
• Line chart or Graph.
• Cumulative frequency
diagram or ‘Ogive’.
• Scatter diagram.
30. Widely used.
Comparing categories of mutually exclusive discrete data.
Different categories represented on one axis.
Frequencies of data in each category represented in other axis.
Length of bars indicate magnitude of the frequencies of categories to
be compared and spacing should be half of width of the bars
Bars arranged in ascending or descending order or any order.. Not
mandatory
31. Simple bar diagrams
Multiple or compound bar diagrams
Component or proportional bar diagrams
36. For lay man
One form of bar graphs
Each picture represents a fixed
no of happenings.
37. Geographic coordinate charts
Used for geo coded data
Map of an area within a location
representing the particular area
of interest
Example: Branding cases found
within rayagada district, Goitre
endemic areas of India etc.
38. Pictorial diagram of frequency
distribution
Consist of a series of bars.
Similar to the bar chart with the
difference that the rectangles or bars
are adherent (without gaps).
Area of each bar is proportional to the
frequency.
Horizontal : Class intervals (abscissa)
Vertical : Frequencies (ordinate)
39. Can be obtained by joining the mid points
of blocks or rectangles of histogram
More useful than histogram
X axis : categories of data
Y axis : frequency of data in each
category
Representation of distribution of
categories of continuous and ordered
data
40. No of observations are very large
Class intervals reduced
Frequency polygon gives rise to a
smooth curve aka frequency
curve
Ex: Birth weights or height in a
population
41. Shows trends of events with
passage of time
Frequency polygon showing
variations via a line
Class intervals chosen can be
hours, days ,weeks, months, etc.
May not start from zero.
42. Represents distribution of
continuous and ordered data.
Frequency of data in each
category represents sum of data
from the category and from
preceding categories.
Points joined to get cumulative
frequency diagram or ogive.
Age (years) Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
10 5 5
11 10 5+10 = 15
12 27 15+27 = 42
13 18 42+18 = 60
14 6 60+6 = 66
15 16 66+16 = 82
16 38 82+38 = 120
17 9 120+9 = 129
43. A histogram depicting the time
course of an illness, disease or
abnormality of a particular condition
in a particular population in a
specified location and time period
X axis : Time intervals
Y axis : Number of cases in each
time interval
Helps in determining outbreak
characteristics e.g. incubation or
latency period, type of disease
propagation
46. Show relationship between two variables
Also called correlation diagram
Clustering of scatter points gives evidence of positive, negative or no corelation
Strong Positive Correlation
All the points lie close to the
line of best fit
Weak Positive Correlation
The points are well spread out
from the line of best fit but
still follow the trend
47. Shows degrees of overlap and
exclusivity between-
2 or more characteristic within a same
population
1 characteristic between 2 or more
samples
Size of circles need not be equal
Represents the relative size for each
factor or population