Lecture notes for medical students

1. Tips on using my ppt.
1. You can freely download, edit, modify and put your
name etc.
2. Don’t be concerned about number of slides. Half the
slides are blanks except for the title.
3. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask
students what they already know about ethology of
today's topic. > Then show next slide which enumerates
aetiologies.
4. At the end rerun the show – show blank> ask questions >
show next slide.
5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
three revisions.
6. Good for self study also.
7. See notes for bibliography.

3. Periods of History

4. Periods of History
• Prehistory
• Ancient history
• Middle ages
• Modern age
• Contemporary age

5. Introduction & History.

6. Introduction & History.
• It wasn't until the 1900s that the likelihood
of surviving surgery was greater than the
chance of dying during or immediately after
surgery.
• The growth of surgery depended upon-
1. Knowledge of Anatomy.
2. Hemostasis
3. Asepsis.
4. Anesthesia.
5. Opening and closing cavities

7. Introduction & History.
1. Knowledge of Anatomy.
2. Hemostasis
solved in the 16th century
1. Asepsis.
2. Anesthesia.
3. Opening and closing cavities
would not be fully resolved until the ending
decades of the 19th century.

8. Milestones.

9. Milestones.
• 6,500 B.C.E.: Skulls found in France show
signs of a rudimentary surgery called
trepanation, which involves drilling a hole
in the skull.
• 1540 C.E.: English barbers and surgeons
unite to form The United Barber-Surgeons
Company. These barber-surgeons
performed tooth extractions and
bloodletting.
• 1818: First transfusion of human blood.

10. Milestones.
• 1843: First use of ether as an anesthetic.
• 1846: First public use of anesthesia during
surgery. Ether was used. The patient was
conscious but felt no pain during the
procedure to remove a tumor in his neck.

11. Milestones.
• 1847: Semmelweis proposed the practice
of washing hands with chlorinated lime
solutions in
• 1864: Louis Pasteur proved germ theory of
disease.
• 1867: British surgeon Joseph Lister
publishes Antiseptic Principle in the
Practice of Surgery, extolling the virtues of
cleanliness in surgery. The mortality rate for
surgical patients immediately falls.

12. Milestones.
• 1885: First successful appendectomy
performed, in Iowa.
• 1893: First successful heart surgery
performed, Provident Hospital, Chicago.
• 1895: First X-ray performed, in Germany.
• 1896: First successful heart surgery
performed, in Germany. Surgeons repaired
a stab wound in the muscle of the right
ventricle.
• 1928: Antibiotics discovered.

13. Milestones.
• 1940: First metal hip replacement surgery
performed.
• 1950: First successful organ transplant The
kidney recipient rejected the organ after
eight months.
• 1952: First successful heart surgery where
the heart was stopped and restarted.
• 1953: First successful surgery using a heart-
lung bypass machine

14. Milestones.
• 1967: First heart transplant surgery
performed, by South African Christian
Barnard.
• 1975: First organ surgery performed
using laparoscopic or minimally invasive,
technique.
• 1978: First "test-tube" baby born using in
vitro fertilization.
• 1982: Jarvik-7 artificial heart used.

15. Milestones.
• 1984: Baby Fae survives 21 days after
being transplanted with the heart of a
baboon.
• 1985: First documented robotic surgery.
• 1999: First successful hand transplant
(previous patients had rejected their grafts).
• 2007: First natural orifice transluminal
endoscopic surgery performed.
• 2008: Connie Culp has the first near-
total full face transplant

16. Milestones.
• 2013: A nerve transfer procedure gives a
paraplegic patient the ability to move their
hands.

17. Our Contribution.

18. Our Contribution.
• Sushrut

19. Heroes of Surgery

20. Heroes of Surgery
• Father of Surgery- Sushrut
•

21. Heroes of Surgery
• Andreas Vesalius human anatomy.
• French army surgeon Ambrose Paré
– Developed an emollient of egg yolk, rose oil,
and turpentine for gunshot wounds.
– Brought the resurgence of ligating,
– “I treated him. God cured him,”

22. Heroes of Surgery
• Louis Pasteur germ theory of disease.
• 1865, Joseph Lister, “listerism.” Lister
recommended antisepsis, or the removal of
bacteria from instruments, wounds, and the
air above the patient. His process consisted
of using carbolic acid as a sterilizing agent,
• A second important advance by Lister was
the development of sterile absorbable
sutures. He was able to cut the ends of the
ligature short, thereby closing the wound
tightly .

23. Heroes of Surgery
• John Hunter (1728-1793). museum of
comparative anatomy and pathology in the
world
• On October 16, 1846, William T.G.
Morton, a Boston dentist, persuaded John
Collins Warren , professor of surgery at
the Massachusetts General Hospital, to let
him administer sulfuric ether to a surgical
patient from whom Warren went on to
remove a small, congenital vascular tumor
of the neck painlessly.

24. Get this ppt in mobile
1. Download Microsoft
PowerPoint from play
store.
2. Open Google assistant
3. Open Google lens.
4. Scan qr code from
next slide.

25. Get this ppt in mobile

26. Get my ppt collection
• https://www.slideshare.net/drpradeeppande/
edit_my_uploads
• https://www.dropbox.com/sh/x600md3cvj8
5woy/AACVMHuQtvHvl_K8ehc3ltkEa?dl
=0
• https://www.facebook.com/doctorpradeeppa
nde/?ref=pages_you_manage