Plasma Cells ,Cart wheel appearance,Macrophages,Monocytes, Opsonization ,Microglia- brain,Kupffer cell- liver,Osteoclast- bone,Monocyte - macrophage precursor in blood,Mast Cells,histamine,Adipocytes,signet ring appearance,Hematopoietic stem cells, Mesenchymal cells,Collagen Fibers, Elastic Fibers,Ground Substance,Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin sulfate,Dermatin sulfate-present in skin, blood vessel,Keratin sulfate-present cornea, cartilage,Heparan sulphate-present in aorta, liver,lungs ,Adhesion proteins-fibronectin, True or Connective Tissue proper, Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue, Special Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood, Mucoid , Pigmened , Elastic,Dense regular connective tissue,Tendons ,ligaments, Dense irregular connective tissue,Dermis of skin, submucosa of GIT tendons, ligaments ,aponeurosis,fasciae, dermis of skin, joint capsules, heart valves,perichondrium , articular cartilage,Hyaline cartilage,Fibrocartilage,Elastic cartilage,pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci of the knee,external ear, epiglottis,auditory tubes, corniculate cartilage,cunieform cartilage

1. Connective tissue
Dr.Deepak N.Khedekar
Department of Anatomy
LTMMC &GH,
Sion,Mumbai.
2016

2. OBJECTIVES
• What is Connective tissue ?
• Function
• Composition
• Intercellular material
• Cells
• Types of connective tissue
• Specialized functions

3. Tissue
• Group of cells having same anatomical
features and same physiological functions
• 4 types:
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

4. Indian curry= Curry +pieces

5. Connective Tissue…
Consists of two basic elements:
Cells
and
Extra-cellular matrix

6. Composition…
Cells…
• Fixed
• Mobile
Extracellular matrix or ECM contain
• Ground substance
• Fibers…
 Collagen fibers
 Reticular fibers
 Elastic fibers

7. Connective tissue cells…
• Fibroblasts
• Pigment cells
• Mesenchymal cells
• Adipose cells
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Plasma cells
• Leukocytes
Fixed cells
Mobile or
wandering cells

8. Intercellular material…
1.Ground substance consist of…
Proteoglycans –
• Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)- 80-90%
• Protein core- 10-20%
Glycoproteins -
• Fibronectin
• Laminin
• Chondronectin

9. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS…

10. 1.Fibroblasts…
• Most common cell type
• Synthesize collagen, reticular, and elastic Fibers.
• Synthesize glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and glycoprotein.
• Secret both fibers and ground substance of the matrix
(wandering)

11. Active (left) and quiescent (right) fibroblasts.

12. F-fibroblast

13. 2.Plasma Cells…
• Eccentric nucleus (Cart wheel appearance)
• Dark staining cytoplasm, lots of RER
• 10-20 um diameter
• Produce antibodies develop from B
Lymphocytes (wandering)

14. Plasma cell…

15. 3.Macrophages…
• Phagocytes that develop from Monocytes
(wandering or fixed)
• 10-30 um in diameter ( variable shape )
• Phagocytosis and digestion of Bacteria,Foreign
bodies,Blood cells,dead cells.
• Opsonization

16. Macrophage…
• Microglia- brain
• Kupffer cell- liver
• Osteoclast- bone
• Monocyte - macrophage precursor in blood

17. 4.Mast Cells…
• Round, oval 20-30 um diameter
• Basophilic granules in cytoplasm
• Metachromasia- stain purple with methylene blue.
Due to heparin content in the cell.
• Produce histamine that help dilate small blood
vessels in reaction to injury (wandering)
• Secretes Heparin ,Eosinophil chemotactic factor of
anaphylaxis, Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

18. Mast cell…

19. 5.Adipocytes:
• Fat cells are numerous in adipose tissue.
• Each cell is spherical or polygonal, contain
peripheral rim of cytoplasm with eccentric
nuclei(signet ring appearance)
• Store triglycerides, support, protect and
insulate (fixed)

20. Fat cells…

21. All connective tissue cells are derived from
two types of stem cells….
• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Mesenchymal cells

22. Haemotopoietic stem cell…

23. Mesenchymal stem cell…

24. Connective tissue fibres…
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

25. Collagen Fibers:
•30% of human body by dry weight
•Each collagen fiber or fibril contain 3 alpha
chains
•25 forms of alpha chain.
•14 different forms of collagen fibers/fibrils
• Lots of hydroxyprolines and hydroxylysines
• Large fibers made of the protein collagen and
are typically the most abundant fibers.
• Promote tissue flexibility.

26. Collagen fibre types…
• Collagen type I - 90% of all collagen. Forms
bone, tendons, ligaments, fascia,skin.
Made by fibroblasts,osteoblasts, odontoblasts
• Collagen type II – found in cartilage. Made
by chondroblasts. Forms fibrils, not fibers.
• Collagen type III – component of reticular
fibers in lymphoid organs.
• Collagen type IV – made by endothelial and
epithelial cells

27. Procollagen triple helix
Three alpha chains.Each alpha chain is transcribed
by a different genes

28. Elastic Fibers:
• Intermediate fibers made of the protein
elastin.
• Branching fibers that allow for stretch and
recoil.
• Very thin and delicate.
• Abundant in lymphoid tissue.
• First to appear in many tissues, but
eventually give way to collagen fibers.

30. Reticular Fibers…
• Small delicate, branched fibers that have
same chemical composition of collagen.
• Forms structural framework for organs such as
spleen and lymph nodes.

31. Reticular fibre…

32. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

34. Ground Substance…
•Complex combination of polysaccharides and
proteins found in “true” or proper CT.
Hyaluronic Acid:
Non-sulfated mucopolysaccharide.
Keeps the ground substance in solution,
present in cartilage ,umbilical cord, vitreous
body
•Chondroitin sulfate:
Jellylike ground substance of cartilage, bone,
skin and blood vessels.

35. Ground substance…
• Other ground Substances:
Dermatin sulfate-present in skin, blood vessel.
Keratin sulfate-present cornea, cartilage.
Heparan sulphate-present in aorta, liver,lungs
Adhesion proteins-fibronectin

36. Functions of ground substance…
• Provides framework & morphology of tissues.
• Protect and binds CT cells.
• Acts as mechanical barrier to the free
movements of particles in tissue spaces
• Helps in diffusion of metabolites between
capillaries and cells, stores of water.
• With advancement of age amorphous
material decreases and fibrous increases

37. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE…
1. True or Connective Tissue proper:
a. Loose Connective Tissue
b. Dense Connective Tissue
2. Special Connective Tissue:
a. Cartilage
b. Bone
c. Blood
d. Mucoid
e. Pigmented
f. Elastic

39. True or Proper Connective Tissue
1. Loose Connective Tissue:
a. Areolar tissue:
-Widely distributed under epithelia
b. Adipose tissue:
-Hypodermis, within abdomen, breasts
c. Reticular connective tissue:
-Lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

40. Loose Connective Tissue:
1. Areolar CT
• Consists of all 3 types of fibers, several types of
cells, and semi-fluid ground substance.
• Found in subcutaneous layer and mucous
membranes, and around blood vessels, nerves
and organs.
• Function = strength, support and elasticity

41. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue…

42. Loose Connective Tissue…
2. Adipose tissue-
• Consists of adipocytes; "signet ring"
appearing fat cells.
• Store energy in the form of triglycerides
(lipids).
• found in subcutaneous layer, around organs
and in the yellow marrow of long bones
• function = supports, protects and insulates,
and serves as an energy reserve

43. ADIPOSE TISSUE…

44. ADIPOSE TISSUE

45. Loose Connective Tissue:
3. Reticular CT-
• Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers
and reticular cells
• Found in liver, spleen and lymph nodes
• Function = forms the framework (stroma) of
organs and binds together smooth muscle
tissue cells

48. Dense Connective Tissue…
a. Dense regular connective tissue:
Tendons and ligaments
b. Dense irregular connective tissue:
Dermis of skin, submucosa of GIT

49. Dense Connective Tissue…
• Contains more numerous and thicker fibers and
far fewer cells than loose CT
1. Dense regular Connective Tissue-
• consists of bundles of collagen fibers and
fibroblasts
• forms tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
• Function = provide strong attachment between
various structures

50. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

51. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

52. Dense Connective Tissue:
2. Dense Irregular CT:
• consists of randomly-arranged collagen fibers
and a few fibroblasts
• Found in fasciae, dermis of skin, joint capsules,
and heart valves
• Function = provide strength

53. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE…

54. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

55. CARTILAGE…

56. CARTILAGE…
Jelly-like matrix (chondroitin sulfate) containing
collagen and elastic fibers and chondrocytes
surrounded by a membrane called the
perichondrium (except articular cartilage).
Unlike other Connective Tissue, cartilage has NO
blood vessels or nerves except in the
perichondrium.

57. Cartilage…
• Strength of cartilage is due to collagen fibers and the
resilience is due to the presence of chondroitin
sulfate.
• Chondrocytes occurs within spaces in the matrix
called lacunae.
• Types-temporary
permanent

58. Cartilage…
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage

59. Hyaline Cartilage…
• Most abundant type
• Fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type
matrix. (ground glass appearance-hyalos)
• Chondrocytes arranged in groups of two or
more inside lacunae. cell nest
• Found in embryonic skeleton, at the ends of
long bones, articular cartilage,costal,
trachobronchial,laryngeal cartilage.
• Function= flexible, provides support, allows
movement at joints

62. Fibrocartilage…
• Contains predominant bundles of collagen in
the matrix .
• Ovoid Cartilage cells are arranged in rows.
• Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral
discs, and menisci of the knee.
• Function = support and fusion, and absorbs
shocks.

64. fibrocartilage

65. fibrocartilage

66. Elastic Cartilage…
• Threadlike network of elastic fibers which are
branching and anastomosing in all directions
within the matrix.
• Found in pinna of the external ear,
epiglottis,auditory tubes, corniculate
cartilage,cunieform cartilage.
• function = gives support, maintains shape,
allows flexibility

67. Elastic cartilage…

68. Elastic cartilage

69. Elastic cartilage

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