2. ABRASION
Destruction of the skin-loss of superficial epithelial
layers of the skin.
Heals rapidly without scar formation
Causative agents
Blow
Fall
Finger nail
Thorn
Tooth-bite
8. PRESSURE ABRASION &
IMPACT ABRASION
PRESSURE ABRASION IMPACT ABRASION
CAUSE-impact with rough
CAUSE- force object
perpendicular to skin Eg – tyre tread, radiator grill,
CHARACTER- rope( hanging)
Skin crushed
Surrounding area contused
Eg-ligature mark THESE TWO COMMONLY
(hanging), teeth bite mark KNOWN AS PATTERNED
ABRASIONS
9. AGE OF ABRASION
Fresh -bright red color
12-24 hours -scab formation
2 days -scab reddish brown color
4-7 days-epithelium covers
After 7 days -scab falls off
10. M.L.POINTS OF ABRASION
Nature of injury Nature of crime from
Site of impact the site of abrasion
Direction of force a) Neck-throttling
Ext. sign of int. injury b) Around mouth &nose-
Patterned abrasion- smothering
identifies object c) breast, genitalia
eg)eliptical/circular,2-4 &thighs-sexual assaults
marks –teeth bite with d) Site of Crime-presence
bruised intervening of mud, grass, straw etc
space
11. ANTE&POST MORTEM
ABRASIONS
Feature Ante mortem Post mortem
Bleeding Bleeding surface seen Complete absence of
bleeding
Scald Forms within a day or Not forming
two
Site Any where in body Over bony
prominences (due to
hardening and drying
of underlying skin)
13. BRUSES/CONTUSIONS
Definition- Effusion of blood into the tissues,
due to the rupture of subcutaneous vessels
CAUSE -impact of blunt force
Eg- stone, fist, stick, bar….
CHARACTER
Painful swelling & crushing of surrounding
tissues
Continuity of skin maintained
14. SIZE -varies from pin head to large
Minor trauma cause large bruises in areas where
tissues are loose and vascular
Eg-face ,scrotum, vagina
Moderate violence produce small bruise if tissues
are strongly supported, fibrousand covered with
thick dermis
Eg-scalp, palm, sole, abdomen
MARKED ABRASION SEEN
on tissues overlying bones
on women, children, old age
on fair skinned person
SMALL BRUISE DEVELOP IN
hemophilia, whooping cough, scurvy, leuckaemia
15. SITE -it may not indicate the site of violence
due to gravity shifting of blood
eg-blow to forehead shows around the eye
-kick to calf muscle shows around ankle
SHAPE -usually round
-patterned abrasion represents the object
-elongated shape - stick, whip, cane
-radiator grill shape -in road accident
16. AGE OF BRUISE
Fresh -red
Hours to 3days - blue
4thday -blue black/brown
4-6 days -greenish
7-12 days -yellow
2 weeks -normal
M.L.POINTS
-patterned bruise indicate weapon or object
-size indicate degree of violence
-age of injury
-manner of assault (throttling-seen neck,)
-contusion to internal organs lead to death
17. DIFFERENCES B/W ACCIDENTAL,HOMICIDALAND SELF
INFLATED BRUISES
Accidental Homicidal Self inflated
Presence of Size and Bruise formed by chitraka
natural items shape of Color-dark brown
seen on the bruise will Margins –with vesicles
site of crime correspon
like sand ds to the Surrounding tissues-
,gravel weapon Red and inflamed
used Scraping of mark responds
to the test to identify the
material
18. DIFFERENCE B/W ANTE MORTEM &POST MORTEM BRUISE
Features Ante mortem Post mortem
Swelling Present Absent
Color change Present Absent
In case of Present any Present only
severe trauma where of body body prominent
area
19. DIFFERENCE B/W TRUE AND ARTIFICIAL BRUISE
Feature Artificial bruise True bruise
1 Cause Arka / bhallataka juice Physical violence
2 Situation Accessible area Anywhere
3 Shape Irregular Round
4 Margins Regular, well defined, small Diffuse, irregular,no
vesicles vesicles
5 Color Dark brown Typical changes
6 Inflammation Of surrounding area At the site
7 Contents Acid serum Blood
8 Itching Present Absent
9 Vesicles May found on finger tip Absent
&other part of body
21. CHARACTER
Edges are clean cut, well
defined & everted
Width is greater than the edge
of weapon (due to retraction)
Length is greater than width or
depth
Shape- spindle shaped
Hemorrhage is more vessels
are clean cut)
Deeper at head -start due to
more pressure)
Shallow at tail
A curved weapon like sickle
produce a stab first then an
incised one
22. AGE OF WOUND M.L.POINTS
size indicate degree of
12 hours-edges red,
swollen and violence
adherent age of injury
24 hours-vascular buds direction of force by
begins detecting head
36 hours-capillary net foreign bodies on
work wound leads to crime
complete site
3-5 days-vessels
thickened,
obliterations start
1-2 weeks-scar tissue
23. CHOP WOUND
A type of incised wound caused by cutting edge of fairly heavy
weapon(axe)
CHARACTER
Margin sharp
Margin bruised and abraded
Dimension corresponds to the cross section of blade
Complete or incomplete amputation of fingers or bones
Usually homicidal
Accidental by power fans, ship propellers etc…
24. SUICIDAL INCISED WOUNDS
Multiple& parallel in any one area
Seen on accessible areas
Hesitation marks /tentative cuts seen
Hesitation marks-multiple, small, superficial cuts seen
at the head of wound
CUT THROAT
25. DIFFERENCE B/W SUICIDAL AND HOMICIDAL CUT-THROAT
WOUND
Sl no Feature Suicidal Homicidal
1 Situation Left side ,passing front(rt On sides
hand)
2 Level Above thyroid cartilage On or below
3 Direction Above downwards < to rt Transverse/below
upwards
4 Edges Ragged due to hesitation Sharp &clean cut
mark
5 Hesitation cuts Multiple at head Absent
6 Severity Less severe More severe
7 Tailing Present Absent
8 Vessels Carotid art do not injured Jugular and carotid
cut
26. 9 No of wound Multiple (20-30),superficial Not multiple ,deep
level
10 Defense wound Absent Present
11 Wounds of other Incised may be wrist, thigh, Severe injury over
part groin head
12 Weapons Present at site Absent
13 Cadaveric spasm Weapon may grasped Fragments of cloth,
hair, etc
14 Blood stain If in front of body &cloths If sleep on either
sides, palms
15 Cloths Not damaged May cut,
disarrangement, tear
16 Circumstantial Quiet, suicidal note, in front of Disturbance at scene
mirror
28. STAB WOUND/PUNCTURED WOUND
This type wound penetrate skin and deeper tissues
CAUSE-
sharp objects like knife, dagger, arrow,spear,needle
PENETRATE WOUND-
if enters body cavity
PERFORATED WOUND
if weapon comes out on other side
it have two type of wounds
-ENTRY WOUND
Large
Inverted
-EXIT WOUND
Small
Everted
29. CHARACTERS
Length less than width of weapon
Depth is greater than length or width
Margins clear cut without abrasion
Shape corresponds to the weapon
Elliptical -single edged weapon
Circular -round weapon
Cruciform -square weapon
Direction can made out
30. CONCEALED PUNCTURE WOUND
Seen on canceled part of body
Eg-vagina,rectum,eye,nostrils,
nape of neck,fontanelle(brugma region)
DEATH RESULT-
needle push to brain through fontanelles or cantus
of eye
pin push into medulla through nape of neck
ML POINTS
Direction of wound detect whether it is
suicidal/homicidal/accidental
Position of victim give inference position of
accused
Site of wound detect type of death
Condition of clothing detect any violence
31. LACERATION WOUND
Tear or splits of skin and subcutaneous tissues
by the blow from blunt objects.
Eg-hard projecting surfaces, machinery &
railway accidents, wheel crushing
32. CHARACTER OF LACERATION WOUND
Margins are irregular and ragged
Ends are torn
Margins or subcutaneous tissues contused
Deeper tissues are irregularly torn
Hair bulbs crushed
Hemorrhage is less (irregularly torn vessels)
Depth varies
Shape and size does not corresponds to object
Skin opposite to the force is torn
Foreign bodies may present
Underlying bones likely to be fractured
Internal hemorrhage may be profuse and lethal
TYPES -4 TYPES
Split laceration
Stretch laceration
Avulsion
Cut laceration (chop wound)
33. SPLIT LACERATION
CAUSE
crushing skin between 2 hard objects
CHARACTER
Incised like wounds seen
Seen areas like
-areas where skin tightly stretched over bones
-areas where subcutaneous tissues are less
Eg-scalp, eyebrow, cheek bones, chin
34. STRETCH LACERATION
CAUSE
fixed skin when get over stretched
Eg-run over motor accident,
compound fracture
AVULSION LACERATION
CAUSE
grinding compression by weight
Eg-lorry wheel passing over a limb
CUT LACERATION
CAUSE
blow with heavy sharp edged weapon
Eg- axe
35. DIFFERENCE B/W ANTEMORTEM AND POST MPRTEM
LACERATION
Si no Feature Ante mortem Post mortem
1 Contusion Present Absent
2 Everson Present Absent
3 Gaping of margins Present Absent
4 Vital reaction Present Absent
36. ML POINTS OF LACERATION WOUND
Direction of force can detect
Site of crime or accident from the foreign bodies
in wound
Mode of death
Lesion whether ante mortem or post mortem
Approximate cause can drawn
37. DEFENCE WOUNDS
Wound received by victim during attack
to save himself by
raising hand and grasping weapon
SITES-
Usually on palm,
ulnar border of forearm, back of hands
TYPE OF WOUND
Depend on the weapon used varies
Contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Incised, Stab
It indicate homicide
CONDITIONS FOR THE ABSENCE
OFDEFENSE WOUND
Attack at victim is unconscious
Attacked suddenly
38. SELF-INFLATED AND FABRICATED WOUND
SYNONYMS -FICTITIOUS / FORGED WOUNDS
Wounds produced by a person by himself
Wounds produced by some other on a person with his consent
AIM
Falsely blame an enemy for revenge or jealousy
CHARACTER
Mostly incised or stab wounds
Produce by application of some irritant juices or burns
Laceration and contusions are rare
Site will be exposed and accessible areas of body
Eg front of wrist, neck, front or out side of lt arm, front or outer of thigh,
Front of chest, abdomen
Injuries are multiple and superficial
Cloths are not damaged
40. FIRE ARM CONSIST OF
Hollow metal barrel
Front open end – Muzzle end
Closed back end- Breech end
Posterior part- Butt
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ARM
1) SMOOTH –BORED WEAPON(SHORT-GUN)
single barrel
double barrel
repeating or self loading
2) RIFLED WEAPONS
rifle
a)0.22 rifles
b)military rifles
c)air –rifles
single shot pistols
automatic pistols
revolver
automatic weapons
42. TECHNICAL TERMS
1)CALIBER / GAUGE
Internal dimension of barrel
Measured in inches or centimeters
Measured with the help of lead ball’s size which fits the barrel
MEASURING THE DIAMETER OF BARREL
43. 2)CHOCKING OF GUN
Distal3/4th of barrel is narrow CHOCKING OF GUN
Degree of narrowing is chocking
It’s of 3 types
-full chock
-half chock
-quarter chock
BENEFITS OF CHOCKING
Chocking increases
explosive force
velocity of shot
Chocking less the rate of spread of shot
44. 3)RIFLING
In some weapons the bore is
Marked internally with spiral grooves
No: of spirals varies from 4 -7
They run parallel to each other but twisted spirally
They extended from breech end to muzzle end
These grooves are known as rifling
The ridges between the grooves are known as lands
45. 4)CARTRIDGE
Ammunition (projectiles to be fired from a gun)
consisting of a cylindrical casing containing an
explosive
charge and a bullet; fired from a rifle or handgun
Its of two types
a) shot-gun cartridge
b) cartridge for rifled weapon
46. a) SHORT GUN CARTRIDGE
Length 5-7 cm
The case consist of
-short metallic cylinder
it is rimmed to keep in position
it help the extraction
-long card board cylinder
CASE IS FILLED FROM BASE TO UP
Percussion cap in centre of base
(containing priming mixture)
Gun powder
Felt wad with cardboard disc front & behind
Shot
Cardboard disc
Felt wad =Hold the powder and allow sufficient buildup of gas pressure
when fired
47. b) CARTRIDGE FOR RIFLED WEAPON
It consist of
Elongated metal cylinder
(it is rimmed except in automatic weapon)
Distal end tightly grips base of bullet
The powder charge lies between detonator and bullet
Bullets are conical in shape
48. WOUNDS FROM SHOT –GUN
The wound depends on
Distance from which weapon fired
Size of shot
Nature of explosive
The gun
Elasticity of skin and organs
Fragmentation of bullet
49. WOUND DEPEND S ON THE DISTANCE OF WEAPON
If the gun fired in contact or a few inches of body
a) Shot enters in one mass as single bullet
b) Large irregular entry wound
c) Margins of the wound bruised
d) Deeper tissues are ruptured and lacerated
e) Unburned powder particles found in wound
f) Unburned powder embedded in surrounding
skin produce tattooing
g) Margins of the wound are burnt by flame
h) Margins of the wound are black due to smoke
i) Shape of the burned area depends on the angle of fire
Circular-if fired at rt angle
Oval -if fired at a different angle
j) If body covered burning, blackening & tattooing seen not over skin
k) On head contact wound cause
Large, irregular holes on skull
Fissured fractures or bursting open with scattered
50. If the gun within 6 inches
tissues are signed and blackened over broader
area
margins are clean
If the gun between 1-3 feet
single round wound
1-1.5 inches diameter
Irregular edges 1-3 inches
Tissues are much damaged due to the spreading of shot
If the gun above 3 feet
Shot begin to spread
If the gun at 6 feet
Wound is surrounded by separate opening in an area of 2 inches
If the gun at 12 feet
Shot spreads widely and produce separate
opening in an area of 4 inches
If the gun at 20 yards
Only skin or muscle penetrate
12 feet
51. B) SIZE OF SHOT
Smaller shot-minute irregular edged wound
Large shot -pass deep to body
C) NATURE OF EXPLOSIVE
Smokeless powder - less blackening and tattooing
Black powder - marked blackening
and tattooing
D) THE GUN
WOUND DEPEND UPON
1) Length of barrel
2) Bore of barrel
3) Chocking of barrel
The spread of shot in inches is roughly equal to range of
fire in yards
52. WOUNDS FROM REVOLVERS OR PISTOLS
DISCHARGES FROM THE GUN
Gases, Smoke, Flame, Powder, Metallic particles.
Flame extends - 2-3 inches
Smoke extends -12 inches
Powder granules -18-24 inches
Metallic particles -18-24 inches
Shots are of4 types depends on the distance of the weapon
contact shot
close shot
near shot
distant shot
53. CONTACT SHOT
All the discharges from the gun pass into the wound
Burning, blackening are not seen around wound entrance
The wound is large
Shape of wound
Irregular, Stellate, Cruciate
Elliptical, Triangular
These different shapes due to the
expansion of gases in the tissues
On head the wound will be
Large and cruciform with Everted margins
(due to the expansion of gases in between scalp and skull)
Skull bone burst open
Abdominal wound produce cavitations
The imprint of muzzle of gun may seen as patterned abrasion
The tissue around the bullet track may pink color (CO contained
gas)
54. 2) CLOSE SHOT
The range is 1-3 inches
Very close or contact range is called Point Blank
Wound is round
Margins singed, black and tattooed
Hair are singed (burned)
As bullet enters the body skin is inverted, stretched and splits
The gyrated bullet (revolve around a fixed point or axis)
produce abrasion round the wound due to rubbing of bullet with
skin
Collar-the elevated area seen around the wound produce by the
bullet
Since abrasion is present around the wound it is known as
Abrasion collar
55. Abrasion collar-
Type of bullet -gyrated bullet
Due to rubbing with skin abrasion seen around the wound
It is of two types
Grease/dirt collar
Contusion colla
Grease/dirt collar-
Type of bullet -lubricated or soiled bullet
Grease or dirt attached to the skin around the hole
These may seen over the abrasion
Contusion collar-
Type of bullet - gyrated bullet
Contusion also may seen along with abrasion
Contusion seen over the margins
56. If the weapon fired at right angle
The wound become circular with abraded collar around
If the weapon fired at an angle
o An eccentric hole with abraded collar
o Collar will be wider on one side than other
o Wider area indicates the direction of bullet
If the weapon fired from a distance of 6 inches
wound is round
size of wound represents the size of bullet
margins show bruising, blackening and tattooing
it will not produce burning
57. 3) NEAR SHOT
Range of shot -12-18 inches
Wound is smaller than size of bullet
Blackening and tattooing seen over wide area
Burning and singing is not seen
58. 4) DISTANT SHOT
Range of shot -above 18 inches
Wound is round and smaller than bullet
Blackening and tattooing absent
Abrasion collar present
60. Sl Feature Entrance wound Exit wound
no
1 Size Smaller than bullet except bigger than bullet
in contact
2 Edges Inverted Everted , torn
3 Abrasion and grease Present Absent
collar
4 Burning, blackening May present Absent
and tattooing
5 Bleeding Less More
6 Tissues May cherry red due to CO no color change
7 Fibers of cloth May found Absent
8 Metal ring May seen around wound Absent
9 Skull Punched in hole in outer Punched out opening in inner
table; table
61. RICOCHET BULLET
Ricochet - To rebound at least once from a surface.
Ricochet bullet is that which strikes an intervening
object first, then rebounds, then hit the target aimed.
It occurs with low quality fir arms
If the velocity of bullet is low
When bullet hit hard, flat surface it may deformed then if
it hit body the wound
Large
Irregularly oval, triangular or cruciate
Abrasion collar, burning, blackening … are absent
Abrasion and contusion of skin may seen
62. TANDEM BULLET
Two bullets inside the body with single
entrance wound
Multiple bullets fired separately entering
through a single entrance
SITE OF SELECTION FOR SUICIDE
Temple,
Centre of fore head,
Roof of mouth,
Midline behind the chin,
Front of chest
63. BOMB EXPLOSION WOUNDS
If burst at close range
Expanding gases shatter or obliterate body
If burst at distance
The person is thrown to a distance
Blunt force injuries will develop
Burn may be develop
Death may occur due to CO if occur in room
Internal organs show congestion, minute hemorrhage & rupture
64. FRACTURE OF SKULL
There are 7 types
1) Fissured fracture
2) Depressed fracture
3) Comminuted fracture
4) Pond or indented fracture
5) Gutter fracture
6) Ring or foramen fracture
7) Penetrating fracture
65. 1) FISSURED FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
physical violence to the head
fall on feet or buttocks
CHARACTER
These are cracks or linear fractures
It may involve one or both tables
Fracture starts at point of impact
It runs parallel to direction of force
If head is supported the fracture starts at counter pressure* area
*COUNTER PRESSURE -Force or pressure that acts in a
contrary direction to some other opposing pressure.
In bilateral compression it may start at vertex or base
66. 2) DEPRESSED FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
Heavy weapon with small striking surface
Eg-stick, stone,
CHARACTER
Fractured bone driven inward
Shape of wound indicate the type of weapon
Eg-hammer – fracture shape is circular
67. 3) COMMINUTED FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
Traffic accident
Blow with weapons with large striking surface
Fall from height
CHARACTER
Bone broken into pieces
68. 4) POND OR INDENTED FRACTURE
CHARACTER
Seen only in infants.
Bone is indented*
*Make a dent or depression in.
5) GUTTER FRACTURE GUTTER FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
Glancing bullet wound
CHARACTER
Thickness of the wound is
removed
69. 6) RING OR FORAMEN FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
Fall from height on feet or buttocks
Sudden violent turn of head on spine
CHARACTER
Fissured fracture encircles the skull
It separate ant. 1/3rd with post.1/3rd of skull
It also seen in base encircling foramen
magnum,& separate skull from spine
71. CONTRE-COUP INJURIES
COUP INJURY
The injury seen under the area of
impact
CONTRE-COUP INJURIES
The injury which is situated opposite side
of area of impact
These injuries seen only when the head
is free to move
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
Local distortion of head due to blow
Eg-occipital injuries produce lesions at
base of frontal lobe or tip of temporal lobe
72. CONCUSSION OF BRAIN/ STUNNING OF HEAD
Diffuse injury to nerve cells and fibers due to violence caused
concussion
It is an un-consciousness produced by violence applied to skull
It resolves spontaneously
After some time patient again unconscious
There will be an interval between two unconsciousness times called
lucid interval
At autopsy no lesions are found in brain (petechial hemorrhage seen
some cases)
TYPES
. Concussion is divided into two groups: Simple and Complex.
Simple concussion:
The symptoms gradually resolve
The patient returns to normal function in
7 - 10 days.
Complex concussion:
The symptoms persist and thought processes
are affected.
Patients with repeated concussions fall