2. R.E.M.A.P Changing the World
R – Religious Piety
E – European Expansion
M – Muslim Expansion
A – Adventure
P – Papal Authority
3. Causes: Adventure
After Christianization of the
Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there
was an entire class of warriors who
now had very little to do but fight
amongst themselves and terrorize
the peasant population.
A plea for help from the Byzantine
Emperor Alexius I in opposing
Muslim attacks thus appealed to
their sense of adventure.
4. Causes: Religious Piety
Intense Religious Piety
Due in part to the Investiture Controversy
(a significant conflict between secular and
religious powers over the issue of who
would control appointments of church
officials).
People became personally engaged in the
dramatic religious controversy
The Results:
Intense Christian piety
Emperor Henry IV at the
Public interest in religious affairs Feet of Pope Gregory VII
Popular support for the First Crusade
The religious vitality of the 12th century
5. Causes: Papal Politics
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
Cluniac (Benedictine) reform
caused the church in the West to
be more attentive to business and
provided impetus to attempt to
reassert control
The Great Schism, 1064, was
a division of Christianity into
Eastern Orthodox and Roman
Catholic. The primary cause was
a dispute over papal authority.
6. Causes: European Expansionism
In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William
the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated
England and brought unity and strength to
that country.
After the capture of Toledo from the
Muslims in 1087, it became the residence
of the kings of Castile and the
ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain
The Normans captured Sicily from the
Muslims in 1091 and paved the way for
the unification of that country.
7. Causes: Muslim Advances
Events in MuslimWorld
The Battle of Manzikert,
1071, resulted in the
defeat of the Byzantine
Empire and the capture of
the Emperor by the Seljuk
Turks (Muslims).
The Byzantines also lost
Anatolia to the Turks.
The Turks disrupted
pilgrim traffic.
8. Europe 1000-1100
Religious Piety
Expansionism
Battle of
Hastings
Christianization of Adventure
the Vikings, Slavs,
1066 and Magyars Papal Politics
c. 1000
Investiture
Controversy
Cluniac 1075+
Reform
c. 1024
Rome Constantinople
Capture of Pilgrimages
Toledo from
Muslims
1087 Battle of
Great Schism Manzikert
Capture of 1064 1071
Sicily from
Muslims
1099
9. Call for a Crusade
Pope Urban II called for
a Crusade in 1095
Objectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing
Great Schism on Rome's terms
Capture Holy Land
10. Major Events of Crusades
First Crusade 1097-1098
Achieved all major objectives
in Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, though
not eliminated
Area not strategic to Muslims,
could have been held indefinitely
with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through
diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempted to
destabilize neighbors
11. Major Events of Crusades
Second Crusade, 1147-1148
Military failure, discredits
Crusaders as military threat
Third Crusade, 1189-1191
Well-known in literature (Robin
Hood)
Involved Richard I of England,
Phillip II of France, Frederick I of
Holy Roman Empire
Saladin on Muslim side.
12. Major Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204
Western-Greek relations always
strained, mutual contempt.
To finance crusade, Crusaders
worked for Venetians
Crusaders sacked Constantinople,
1204
Chance to heal Great Schism
utterly lost.
In 1453, when attacked by Turks,
Byzantines preferred surrender to
asking Rome for aid.
13. Major Events of Crusades
Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219
Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
Muslims agreed
Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt,
were routed
Sixth Crusade, 1229
Frederick II of Germany did little
fighting and a lot of negotiation
Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem
and all the other holy cities and a
truce of ten years
He was widely condemned for conducting
the Crusade by negotiating rather than
fighting.
14. Major Events of Crusades
Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254
Led by Louis IX of France
Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
Eighth Crusade, 1270
Led by Louis IX of France
Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of
Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and
diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where
Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
Palestine fell in 1291
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.
15. The Crusades Died Out
Lack of interest, rising
European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades"
against Christians (e.g.,
Albigensians)
16. Effects of Crusades
Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for
many Europeans.
Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
Need to transfer large sums of money
for troops and supplies led to
development of banking techniques.
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of
arms
Romantic and imaginative literature.
17. Effects of Crusades
Knowledge introduced to
Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of
castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Muslim minarets adopted as church
spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of
merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from
East to West--Europe had little
to give in return.
18. References
Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005
<http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.ppt>.
The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the
Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Historical_background >.
The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005
http://www.medievalcrusades.com>.
19. Assignment: Crusades Game or
Recruitment Poster
Use your notes and the textbook pages 255-260 to create either
a recruitment poster or a crusades board game. Your project
should include:
1. A definition of the crusades.
2. The main causes of the crusades.
3. Pope Urban II’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy
land top the Christians.
4. Who answered or needs to answer the call.
5. A description the first four crusades.
6. The results of the crusades.
20. Assignment: Game or Poster
The Game Requirements and The Recruitment Poster
Materials: 50 points Requirements and Materials: 50 points
•You will be provided with a sheet of paper, •You will be provided with a sheet of paper.
you can use your own dice or other materials
to play. •You are trying to entice Christians to join
the first crusade, so use language that is
•All writing must be on the game. You may persuasive!
want to establish rules on the back.
•You will need have a place on your
•You can design your game however you recruitment poster that gives a history of the
want, but consequences and game first 4 Crusades
advancement should be based on
circumstances/events that would have •Be creative, your project should be colorful
actually happened.
•Be creative, your project should be colorful
•For full credit make sure that 1-6 above are
included in your game