1. Measurement of Intelligence
The term intelligence refers the individual
differences in mental ability. Intelligence test can be
administered individually or in group. The ultimate
nature of intelligence has a theoretical faculty and
cannot be measure. The most important problem in
intelligence is its measurement. This has led to the
emergence of a new branch of psychology which is
known as test psychology. Now many intelligence
tests are available and we can infer the intelligence of
the individual from his performance on them.
2. Intelligence tests can be classified into two broad
categories.
Individual tests and Group tests.
3. Individual tests:
A test can be said individual test in the sense
that they can be administered to only one person at
a time..
Individual intelligence tests are preferred by
psychologist in clinics, hospitals and other settings
where clinical diagnosis are made, and where they
serve not only as measures of general intelligence
but also as means of observing behavior in a
standard situation.
These are further divided into two, verbal and
nonverbal ( performance tests).
4. Group test:
Group test was developed to meet a pressing practical
need. Group test can be administered to a group of persons
at a time.
Group tests were designed as mass testing
instruments; they not only permit the simultaneous
examination of large groups but they also use simplified
instruction and administration procedures. There by
requiring a minimum of training on the part of examiner.
They are also divided into two, verbal and non
verbal.
5. Individual tests
I. The Binet-Simon tests (Verbal)
II. Wechsler intelligence scale ( Both Verbal and Non
verbal)
III. Seguin form board test (individual performance)
IV. Bhatia’s test (Individual- performance)
6. The Binet- simon tests
The father of intelligence testing , Alfred Binet,
published his famous scale of intelligence, the Binet –
Simon scale of intelligence in 1905.This scale consisting
of 30 items arranges in order of increasing difficulty was
developed to measure the intelligence of French school
children. It was revised in 1908 and 1911.
8. David Wechsler designed intelligence tests made up of
items that are appropriate for a wide range of ages.
There are three main types of Wechsler Intelligence tests :
Wechsler Pre-school and primary Scale of
Intelligence (WWWSI) – 3-7 years
Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) –
7-16 years
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) – 16
years and above
9. The first was the Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence
scale (Wechsler, 1939).
Replaced 1955 by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
scale (WAIS).
1981 revision is referred to as the WAIS-R.
10. A subsequent revision was conducted in the US
in 1997 and the present scale is the 3rd edition,
known as the WAIS-III. The revised version has
almost 80% of the original form. A number of
improvements have been made including an
attempt to make it more culturally fair.
11. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an
IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive
ability in adults and older adolescents.. It consists of 11
sub-tests . six sub tests are verbal and five are
performance tests.
12.
13. Verbal WAIS scales.
1 General Information : 29 questions – a measure of
general knowledge.
2 Digit span :b Subjects are given sets of digits to repeat
initially forwards then backwards. This is a test of
immediate auditory recall and freedom from distraction.
3.Vocobulary : Define 35 words. A measure of expressive
word knowledge.
14. 4. Arithmetic : 14 mental arithmetic brief story type
problems. Tests distractibility as well as numerical
reasoning.
5. General Comprehension : 16 questions which focus
on issues of social awareness.
6. Similarities: A measure of concept formation.
Subjects are asked to say how two seemingly
dissimilar items might in fact be similar.
15. Performance WAIS scales
7. Picture Completion : 20 small pictures that all have
one vital detail missing. A test of attention to fine
detail.
8.Picture arrangement: 10 sets of small pictures, where
the subject is required to arrange them into logical
sequence.
16. 9.Block Design Involves putting sets of blocks
together to match patterns on cards.
10.Digital symbol: Involves putting sets of
blocks together to match patterns on cards.
11.OBJECT ASSEMBLY : Four small jig-saw
type puzzles.
17.
18. Bhatia’s test
5 sub-tests- Koh’s block design, ALEXANDERS’S
pass along, picture drawing or pattern drawing,
memory test and picture assembly test
1 hours to complete this test.
Stop watch should be used,
Usually require 40-60 minutes for testing each child.
19. Advantages and Disadvantages of individual tests:
Advantages:
Examiner can pay more attention to the examinee.
Examiner can easily encourage the examinee and
observe his behavior during the test more closely.
Scores on individual tests are not as dependent on
reading ability as scores in group tests.
20. Disadvantages:
It is very time consuming
This type of tests requires a highly-trained examiner.
It costs more than the group test.
21. Group tests
1. Army alpha test
2. Army Beta test
3. Ravens Progressive Matrices Test
22. Army Alpha test
This is a verbal group test. It is meant for literate persons.
The test consists of 8 sections. In each sections In each
section there are several items. The items are
Following directions, Arithmetic problems, Practical
judgments,Synonyms,Antonyms,
D is arranges sentence, number series completion,
analogies, general information. During of time is different
for different sections.
23. Army Beta test
( for those who fell below a certain score on alpha)
It is a non verbal group test of intelligence and is
meant for illiterate persons. Later this was revised. The
revised test consists of six sub-tests.
24. Ravens Progressive Matrices Test
This test, developed in England is a very popular non
verbal group test. The test has been designed to evaluate
the subjects’ ability
a) To see the relationship between geometric figures or
designs
b)To perceive the structure of a design in order to select
the appropriate part for completion of each pattern.
c) Time 20 minute max.
25. Advantages and Disadvantages of group tests:
Advantages:
can be administered to very large numbers
simultaneously
simplified examiner role
scoring typically more objective
large, representative samples often used leading to
better established norms
A highly verbal group test can have a higher
validity co-efficient than an individual test.
26. Disadvantages:
Scores on the group test are generally dependent on
the reading ability.
Information obtained by the group test generally less
accurate than the individual tests
examiner has less opportunity to establish rapport,
obtain cooperation, and maintain interest
not readily detected if examinee tired, anxious,
unwell
evidence that emotionally disturbed children do
better on individual than group tests
27. examinee’s responses more restricted
normally an individual is tested on all items in a
group test and may become boredom over easy
items and frustrated or anxious over difficult
items
Individual tests typically provide for the
examiner to choose items based on the test takers
prior responses – moving onto quite difficult
items or back to easier items. So individual tests
offer more flexibility.
28. Uses of Intelligence Test ( both individual and group)
Selection of course for students can be made on the
basis of intelligence test.
To classify students on the basis of their IQ.
For the purpose of promotion to higher classes.
To predict the success of students.
29. To identify gifted and slow learners.
For educational and vocational guidance
For the organization of curriculum
To give awards and scholarships to suitable
students
30. Misuse of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence is not only factor that determines the
success of a man.
Intelligence tests label some as superior and other
inferior. This makes them disappointed and creates
inferiority feeling.
Teachers and parents try to see them through their
IQ.
