2. Clinical Case
⢠74 YO M presenting to the ER for 3rd
episode of BRBPR
â Other episodes: 2 and 6 months ago
⢠He reports that he stopped his ASA 9
months ago due to concerns over bruising
⢠No other bleeding problems
3. Clinical Case
⢠Rx:
â Simvastatin
â Carvedilol
â Fish oil
â Paroxetine
⢠NKDA
⢠Drinks 3 or 4 beers/day
4. Clinical Case
⢠PMHx:
â CAD
⢠CABG 5 years ago, no recent symptoms
â Aortic stenosis (area=0.7 cm2
)
⢠Declined surgery
â Depression
â Prostate CA, s/p resection, NED
5. Clinical Case
⢠PSHx:
⢠CABG 5 years ago
⢠Laparoscopic CCY 10 y ago
⢠Hernia repair
⢠Open prostatectomy 12 years ago
⢠Wisdom tooth extraction at age 13
⢠Tonsillectomy at age 6
No excess bleeding with any procedureâŚ
6. Clinical Case
⢠FHx:
â Eastern European ancestry
â 5 sibs
â No bleeding diathesis in the first degree
relatives
7. Clinical Case
⢠CBC 5.7/11.2/603
⢠MCV 73
⢠PT/PTT 22/31
⢠TT normal
⢠Fib 433
⢠Creat 1.2
⢠T bil 0.9, AST/ALT normal
8. Overview
⢠What can go wrong?
â Decrease in coagulation factor synthesis
â Increased clearance of coagulation factors
⢠Consumption
⢠Immune effect
⢠Hemodilution
â Inhibition of coagulation factor enzymatic
activity
⢠Rx/toxin
⢠Antibody
⢠Temperature/pH
9. Overview
⢠What can go wrong?
â Decreased number of platelets
⢠(âŚ)
â Inhibition of platelet adhesion/aggregation
⢠Rx/toxin
â Often in the setting of âborderlineâ function
⢠Activation leading to âexhaustionâ
11. Liver Disease
⢠Liver synthesizes fibrinogen as well as
factors II, V, VII, IX, XI and XIII
⢠ânatural anticoagulantsâ protein C, S and
AT are also secreted by the liver
⢠The endothelial cells produce FVIII and
vWF
12. Liver Disease
⢠FVIII and vWF are increased
⢠Thrombopoietin is produced by the liver
â Cleared by the platelets
⢠About a third of the total platelet
population âresidesâ in the spleen
13. Liver Disease
⢠Typical picture:
â Decrease in all coagulation factors except
FVIII
⢠PT >> PTT prolonged
⢠Fibrinogen decreased in advanced cases
â Decrease in protein C, S and AT
14. Liver Disease
⢠Typical picture:
â Moderate thrombocytopenia (50k or more)
⢠Large number of platelets âavailableâ in the spleen
â Possible increased platelet activation
Result in balanced hemostatic defect but
decreased reserve!
15. Liver Disease
⢠Treatment:
â Vitamin K challenge sometimes worthwhile
â Keep fibrinogen above 100 mg/dl in the acute
setting
⢠10 U cryo
â FFP 10-15 ml/kg if bleeding or procedure
â Platelet transfusions if bleeding and <50k
â Do not give thrombopoietin agonist!
16. Vitamin K Deficiency
⢠âKoagulationvitaminâ
⢠Necessary for gamma-carboxylation of
glutamic acid residues for factors II, VII, IX
and X
⢠Deficiency results in factors which do not
participate effectively in the coagulation
cascade
â PIVKAâs
17. Vitamin K Deficiency
⢠First animal model: chicks fed an ether-
extracted diet
⢠Liposoluble (âADEKâ): requires bile for
absorption
⢠Human disease seen in the presence of
decreased PO intake and/or biliary
obstruction
â âvitamin K deficient bleeding of the newbornâ
18. Vitamin K Deficiency
⢠Lab: mostly prolonged PT
⢠Treatment:
â If no severe bleeding, patient eating, gut
normal and biliary tree normal: vita K 10 mg
PO
â Otherwise: administer 10 mg IV
â SC route has unreliable absorption and is no
faster than PO administration
19. Uremia
⢠Often subtle defect
â Mucocutaneous bleeding
⢠Multifactorial:
â âuremic toxinsâ inhibit platelet function
â Hematocrit also seems to influence bleeding
â Increased NO
21. DIC
⢠Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
⢠AKA consumptive coagulopathy
⢠Consists in systemic activation of the
coagulation cascade usually by TF from:
â Shift of tissue thomboplastin to the circulation
â Endothelial injury
â Expression of TF by monocytes secondary to
bacterial endotoxin
⢠Acute vs chronic
22. DIC
⢠Uncontrolled production of fibrin results in
secondary fibrinolysis and exhaustion of
all coagulation factors and platelets
â In the acute form, liver cannot compensate
⢠Plasmin is not perfectly specific
â Fibrinogenolysis worsens the bleeding
diathesis
⢠FDPâs act as inhibitors
23. DIC
⢠The cause for acute DIC is ALMOST
ALWAYS OBVIOUS:
â Sepsis
â Obstetrical catastrophe
⢠Amniotic fluid embolism, abruptio placentae, HELLP,
eclampsia/severe preeclampsia, retained dead fetus, septic abortion
â Trauma with crush injury and/or brain damage
â Intravascular hemolysis
â Snake venom
â Fulminant liver failure
â Acute leukemia
⢠APL
24. DIC
⢠Lab findings:
â Prolonged PTT > PT
â Thrombocytopenia
⢠Can be profound
â Fibrinogen decreased in severe cases
â High D-dimers
⢠Useless test
25. DIC
⢠Treatment:
â UNDERLYING CAUSE
â Keep the fibrinogen > 100 mg/dl
⢠10 U cryo
â FFP for bleeding or procedures
â Avoid inhibitors of fibrinolysis (EACA,
tranexamic acid, aprotinin)
⢠Risk of VTE
26. Exsanguination
⢠Baseline normal hemostasis
⢠Anatomical defect results in loss of large
amount of blood over a few hours
â At least 1 blood volume / 10 U RBC
⢠Replacement of blood with RBCâs and
crystalloid results in coagulation factor
deficiency along with thrombocytopenia
27. Exsanguination
⢠Shock results in hypoperfusion and lactic
acidosis
â Coagulation enzymes do not function well at
pH<7.2
⢠Immobility, exposure and infusion of large
amounts of cold fluids results in
hypothermia
â Coagulation enzymes need T>33ÂşC to work
properly
28. Exsanguination
⢠Start looking at PT/PTT and platelet count
after transfusion of 5 U RBC
⢠Be more proactive for trauma cases:
â One dose of platelets and one unit of FFP for
each unit of red cells transfused (1:1:1 ratio)*
*Borgman MA et al, J Trauma 2007
Holcomb JB et al, Ann Surg 2008
Perkins JG et al, J Trauma 2009
29. Acquired Hemophilia
⢠Autoimmune disease
⢠Antibody directed against FVIII
â Acts as an inhibitor
⢠Isolated prolongation of the PTT
â Mixing study often corrects initially, followed
by prolongation after incubation
⢠Factor often level very low (<1%)
â âcorrectsâ with serial dilutions
30. Acquired Hemophilia
⢠Can be seen in anyone but more common
in:
â âOlderâ individuals (ie >50 YO)
⢠Rheumatoid arthritis
⢠Cancer
⢠SLE
⢠Drug reaction
â Peripartum
31. Acquired Hemophilia
⢠Typically associated with severe bleeding:
â Large hematomas
⢠Soft tissues
⢠Muscle
â Extensive ecchymoses
â Mucosal bleeding
⢠Epistaxis
⢠GI
⢠GU
â Surgical bleeding
32. Acquired Hemophilia
⢠Treatment options:
â Elimination of the inhibitor:
⢠Prednisone +/- cyclophosphamide*
⢠Rituximabâ
â Control of bleeding:
⢠Low titer inhibitor: FVIII concentrate
⢠Activated PCC
⢠rFVIIa
*Collins PW et al, Blood 2007; Collins P et al, Blood 2012; Green D et al,
Thromb Haemost 1993
â Boles JC et al, J Thromb Haemost 2011
33. Clinical Case
⢠Colono reveals angiodysplasia
⢠Additional testing?
â Risto 23%
â vWF Ag 60%
â Decreased high molecular weight vWF MMâs
â RIPA normal
â SPEP revealed no M-protein
â II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII normal
â Alpha-2-AP and PAI-1 normal
34. Clinical Case
⢠Potential contributors to bleeding events:
â Lesions (ie angiodysplasias)
â Rx; beta-blocker, SSRI, fish oil
â Liver disease
â vW disease type 2
⢠Inherited disorder unlikely:
â Negative family history
â Multiple major hemostatic challenges
35. Acquired vWD
⢠Mechanisms:
â Adsorption of vWF on cells
⢠Seen in MPDâs, MM, WM, Wilmâs tumor
â Auto-antibodies
â Proteolysis
⢠Lab findings:
â Normal PT/PTT
â Decreased risto and abnormal electrophoresis
36. Heydeâs Syndrome
⢠Acquired type
2A vWD
⢠Associated with
aortic stenosis
⢠Colonic
angiodysplasia
commonly
found
*Loscalzo J, M Engl J Med
2012
37. Acquired vWD
⢠Treatment:
â Decrease plt count with HU if MPD
â âfixâ the valve if aortic stenosis
â ddAVP
â Exogenous vWF (ie Humate-P) for significant
bleeding
â IVIG if autoimmune mechanism
38. Summary
⢠Acquired bleeding disorders are frequent
for the consulting hematologist
â Liver disease and DIC are by far the most
common
⢠Many drugs/natural products can cause
mild platelet dysfunction
â Usually do not cause spontaneous bleeding
39. Summary
⢠The lab work-up depends mostly on
clinical presentation and family history
⢠Fix the cause of the acquired defect if
possible
â Clotting factors and platelets usually result in
temporary/partial relief