msc credit seminar presentation

1. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATERCLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER
PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT ANDPRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND
MITIGATIONMITIGATIONCREDIT SEMINAR AGROMET 591CREDIT SEMINAR AGROMET 591
PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY
DEBJYOTI MAJUMDERDEBJYOTI MAJUMDER
L-2013-A-15-ML-2013-A-15-M
SCHOOL OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURALSCHOOL OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL
METEOROLOGYMETEOROLOGY

2. WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGEWHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE
 Climate is the average weather at a given point andClimate is the average weather at a given point and
time of year, over a long period (typically 30 years).time of year, over a long period (typically 30 years).
 We expect the weather to change a lot from day toWe expect the weather to change a lot from day to
day, but we expect the climate to remain relativelyday, but we expect the climate to remain relatively
constant.constant.
 If the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call itIf the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call it
climate change.climate change.
 The key question is what is a significant change –The key question is what is a significant change –
and this depends upon the underlying level ofand this depends upon the underlying level of
climate variabilityclimate variability
 Crucial to understand difference between climateCrucial to understand difference between climate
change and climate variabilitychange and climate variability

3. Earth’s climate system – Greenhouse EffectEarth’s climate system – Greenhouse Effect

4. Could the warming be natural?Could the warming be natural?

5. Relative increase in Green House GasesRelative increase in Green House Gases
influenced by anthropogenic activitiesinfluenced by anthropogenic activities
Gases CO2 CH4 N2O CFC’s
Pre-industrial
atmospheric
concentration
280 ppmv 0.70 ppmv 280 ppbv 0
Current
concentration
400 ppmv 1.89 ppmv 3.26 ppbv 5.03 pptv
Annual
increase (%)
0.5 %
(1.5 - 1.8 ppmv)
0.8 %
(0.013
ppmv)
0.25 %
(0.75 ppbv)
4 %
(18 -20 pptv)
Global
warming
potential
relative to CO2
1 24.5 320 4000

7. Trends significant at the 5% level indicated with a ‘+’. Grey: insufficient data
Observed surface temperature trendObserved surface temperature trend

8. Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature
Annual maximum and minimum temperature atAnnual maximum and minimum temperature at
LudhianaLudhiana
Jalota and Kaur (2013)Jalota and Kaur (2013)

9. Sea-level from satellites: 4 cm rise in 10 yearsSea-level from satellites: 4 cm rise in 10 years

10. Recent vagaRies /incidencesRecent vagaRies /incidences
DROUGHT HITSDROUGHT HITS
KARNATAKAKARNATAKA
20082008
COLD WAVE INCOLD WAVE IN
NORTHNORTH
20062006
HEAT WAVE INHEAT WAVE IN
NORTHERN INDIANORTHERN INDIA
20072007
NILAM CYCLONE 2012 Uttarakhand flood 2013 Hud Hud 2014

12. C3 plants
C4 plants
StephenStephen et alet al (2006)(2006)
Current CO2
levels
2 x CO2
Impact Of COImpact Of CO22 on Agricultural Productivityon Agricultural Productivity

13. TreatmentTreatment Grain yield (g/Grain yield (g/
mm22
))
Filled grainsFilled grains
(%)(%)
Individual grainIndividual grain
weight (mg)weight (mg)
Elevated COElevated CO22
(570 ppm)(570 ppm)
971 (24)*971 (24)* 82.9 (9)82.9 (9) 24.9 (2)24.9 (2)
Ambient COAmbient CO22
(370 ppm)(370 ppm)
783783 76.076.0 24.524.5
OpenOpen 723723 72.072.0 24.024.0
CD (p= 0.05)CD (p= 0.05) 9595 4.24.2 1.31.3
* percentage increase over ambient* percentage increase over ambient Costa et al (2006)
Effect of COEffect of CO22 concentrations on riceconcentrations on rice

14. Effect of temperature change on growth andEffect of temperature change on growth and
yield of Riceyield of Rice
Hundal and Kaur (2007)Hundal and Kaur (2007)

15. TemperatureTemperature
COCO22 (ppm)(ppm)
Normal ( 330 )Normal ( 330 ) 400400 500500 600600
Deviation from normal ( % )Deviation from normal ( % )
NormalNormal 7563*7563* +1.5+1.5 +6.6+6.6 +8.7+8.7
+ 0.5+ 0.500
CC -3.7-3.7 -1.1-1.1 +2.2+2.2 +5.1+5.1
+ 1.0+ 1.000
CC -6.6-6.6 -4.3-4.3 -2.8-2.8 +0.5+0.5
+ 1.5+ 1.500
CC -8.8-8.8 -8.4-8.4 -6.1-6.1 -3.5-3.5
+ 2.0+ 2.000
CC -7.5-7.5 -7.2-7.2 -4.4-4.4 -2.8-2.8
Effect of CO2 and temperature on Grain yield (kg/ha)
of Rice
* grain yield at normal CO* grain yield at normal CO22 and temperatureand temperature
Hundal and KaurHundal and Kaur (2007)(2007)

16. Year Rise in temp (°C)
Productivity
(Kg/ha)
Deviation in
productivity
from 2005 (%)
Grain yield Grain yield
2005 0 2406 -
2020 0.6 2489 3.45
2050 1.6 2407 0.04
2080 2.6 2214 -7.98
2100 3.2 1972 -18.04
Effect of doubling COEffect of doubling CO22 concentration (682 ppm) andconcentration (682 ppm) and
rise in mean temperature on productivity of Maizerise in mean temperature on productivity of Maize
Sharma et al (2013)

17. Atmospheric
CO2 conc.
(ppm)
Rise in Temperature (O
C)
Nil
(current)
1 2 3 4 5
369 (current)
0.0 -6.27 -17.09 -28.10 -42.55 -60.55
400 (2020)
3.40 -3.16 -14.57 -25.54 -58.63 -58.63
550 (2050)
18.65 11.12 -1.25 -13.72 -30.25 -49.94
Singh and Lal (2009)Singh and Lal (2009)
Impact of climate change on tuber yieldImpact of climate change on tuber yield
productivityproductivity

19. Of all the water on Earth, only a small amount isOf all the water on Earth, only a small amount is
available for us to use. It's true!available for us to use. It's true!
96.5% of the Earth's water supply is salt water.96.5% of the Earth's water supply is salt water.
Only 2.8% is fresh water!Only 2.8% is fresh water!
That 2.8% is divided like this:That 2.8% is divided like this:
 0.76% is groundwater (we can use some of this water)0.76% is groundwater (we can use some of this water)
0.0132% is in lakes and streams (we can use some of0.0132% is in lakes and streams (we can use some of
this water)this water)
1.74% is in glaciers and icecaps1.74% is in glaciers and icecaps
0.001% is water vapor0.001% is water vapor
Amount of fresh wAter in theAmount of fresh wAter in the
world …world …

21. Rainfall Partitioning - Field ScaleRainfall Partitioning - Field Scale
Figures adapted from Hatibu & Rockström (2005)Figures adapted from Hatibu & Rockström (2005)
RainfallRainfall
((100%100%))
OCEANOCEAN
Crops (Crops (10-10-
30%30%))
EvaporationEvaporation
((30-50%30-50%))Weeds (Weeds (10-20%10-20%))
StorageStorage
Deep PercolationDeep Percolation
((5-10%5-10%))
Runoff (
Runoff (10-30%
10-30%))

23. Concepts of Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE)Concepts of Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
Crop Economic WUECrop Economic WUE == Gross return / Evapotranspiration (mm))
Crop WUECrop WUE== Yield kg / Evapotranspiration (mm)
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (WUE)Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
Irrigation WUEIrrigation WUE == Yield kg/ Irrigation water applied (ML)
Gross Production Economic WUEGross Production Economic WUE == Gross return $ / Total
water applied (ML)
Irrigation Economic WUEIrrigation Economic WUE == Gross return $ / Irrigation water
delivered to the field (ML)

24. Goyal, 2004Goyal, 2004
Effect of Meterological Parameters on potentialEffect of Meterological Parameters on potential
evapotranspirationevapotranspiration

25. Factors affecting ReferenceFactors affecting Reference
EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Singh, 2010Singh, 2010

26. Variablity in Reference CropVariablity in Reference Crop
Evapotranpiration ETEvapotranpiration ET00
WangWang et al, 2012et al, 2012

27. Relation between PET of wheat and Weather parametersRelation between PET of wheat and Weather parametersRelation between PET of wheat and Weather parametersRelation between PET of wheat and Weather parameters
Parameter Regression EquationRegression Equation R2
Rainfall amount (RF) Y = -0.493 x + 543.9 0.58
No. of rainy days (NoRD) Y = -6.619 x + 564.1 0.55
Maximum temperature
(Tmax)
Y = 45.34 x - 531.6 0.79
RF, NoRD, Tmax Y = -228.02 + 33.21 X1 – 0.078
X2 – 2.01 X3
Where,
X1 = Mean monthly maximum
temperature (November -
March)
X2 = Total Rainfall
(November - March)
X3 = Total number of rainy
days (November - March)
0.83
Kingra and Kukal, 2013Kingra and Kukal, 2013

28. Kingra and Kukal, 2013Kingra and Kukal, 2013
Variabilty in Water Use Efficiency of wheat
in central Punjab

30. Land Configuration
Anti-transpirants
Date of Sowing
Tillage
Mulching
Method of Irrigation
Planting Pattern
Irrigation Scheduling

32. MULCHESMULCHES
Surface mulching either by timely intercultivation or by
covering the soil surface with plant residues benefits
the crops in the following ways :
• Reduce water evaporation from soil.
• Reduces water runoffs from the cropped
fields.
• Help control weeds.
• Adds organic matter to the soil and
improves soil quality.

33. Mulch and tillage effects on oxygenMulch and tillage effects on oxygen
diffusion rate (ODR) (×10diffusion rate (ODR) (×10 −8−8
g cmg cm −2−2
ss −1−1
))
Kahlon et al, 2013Kahlon et al, 2013NT- No tillage, RT- Ridge tillage PT- Plough tillageNT- No tillage, RT- Ridge tillage PT- Plough tillage
Silty loamSilty loam

34. EEss TT ETET
Mulch
8 Mg ha-1
100 240 340
No Mulch 135 210 345
LSD (0.05) 10 26 NS
Mulch No
mulch
LSD
(0.05)
Grain
transpiration
efficiency
Kg mm -1
ha -1
14.6 16.4 1.2
Total
biomass
transpiration
efficiency
Kg mm -1
ha -1
36.6 41.4 3.1
Effects of Mulching on theEffects of Mulching on the
partitioning of ET in wheatpartitioning of ET in wheat
Effects of Mulching onEffects of Mulching on
transpiration efficiency in wheattranspiration efficiency in wheat
SinghSingh et alet al , 2011, 2011
Clay loam

35. Water Use efficiency of wheat under different
tillage and mulch
CTCT BPBP
FactorsFactors MM00 MM11 MM00 MM11
MoistureMoisture
depletion (cm)depletion (cm) 19.0219.02 15.1215.12 18.6318.63 15.1115.11
Water Use (cm)Water Use (cm) 26.0526.05 22.1522.15 24.3724.37 22.1822.18
Yield (kg haYield (kg ha-1-1
)) 32963296 36133613 32063206 37823782
WUEWUE
(kg ha(kg ha-1-1
cmcm-1-1
)) 126.5126.5 163.2163.2 131.6131.6 170.5170.5
MeenaMeena et alet al, 2011, 2011
CT – Conventional tillage, BP – Bed PlantingCT – Conventional tillage, BP – Bed Planting

36. Response of straw mulch on crop yield and
irrigation water saving
Crop Yield increase
(kg ha-1
)
Irrigation water
saving (cm)
Maize fodder 7500 15
Sorghum fodder 7200 23
Mentha 700 32
Sugarcane 4300 40
Potato 3900 12
Moong 100 7
JalotaJalota et al,et al, 20072007

37. Clay soilClay soil MeenaMeena et alet al, 2011, 2011
EffEct of Straw mulch on thE root lEngthEffEct of Straw mulch on thE root lEngth
dEnSity of whEatdEnSity of whEat

39. PROMOTION OF PRECISION LAND LEVELLINGPROMOTION OF PRECISION LAND LEVELLING
1312
25900
116150
280172
608165
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Years
AreaCovered(ha) Area Covered during 2009: 3.28 lac hectares

40. Effects of land configuration on IW (cm) and
WUE ( kg ha-1
cm-1
)
SidhuSidhu et alet al, 2005, 2005Loamy sand, pH- 8.3Loamy sand, pH- 8.3
R - Ridge, BB- Broad bed, NB - Narrow bedR - Ridge, BB- Broad bed, NB - Narrow bed

41. Influence of irrigation, tillage, and mulching onInfluence of irrigation, tillage, and mulching on
WP (kg haWP (kg ha-1-1
mmmm-1-1
) of soybean in the two soils) of soybean in the two soils
AroraArora et alet al,,
Loamy sandLoamy sand Sandy loamSandy loam
TillageTillage MulchMulch
6 t ha6 t ha-1-1
IIpp IIff IIpp IIff
CTCT
M0M0 1.391.39 1.871.87 3.163.16 2.782.78
MM 1.671.67 2.262.26 3.893.89 3.303.30
DTDT
M0M0 1.661.66 2.252.25 3.553.55 2.822.82
MM 1.971.97 2.332.33 3.783.78 3.283.28
CT –Conventional tillage, DT -DeepCT –Conventional tillage, DT -Deep
tillagetillage
IIpp - Partial irrigation, I- Partial irrigation, Iff -Full irrigation-Full irrigation

42. Method Of crop
Establishment
Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Total ET
(mm)
WUE
(kg/m-3
)
Net
Productivity
of used water
(Rs m-3
)
Early sowing with
minimum tillage
Late sowing with
minimum Tillage
1290
1060
241.3
182.8
0.60
0.58
4.85
4.30
Paira cropping
without Tillage 750 188.6 0.40 2.93
CD(P=0.05) 130 21.4 0.06 0.37
Grain Yield, Evapotranspiration,WUE and Net Water
Productivity in Horsegram Under different Tillage Practices
SinghSingh et alet al, 2008, 2008

44. Indicative World’s Irrigation Water EfficiencyIndicative World’s Irrigation Water Efficiency
15%
25%
15%
45%
Distribution Losses
Application Losses
Conveyance Losses
Crop Use
Serageldin (1997)Serageldin (1997)

45. Irrigation Efficiencies under DifferentIrrigation Efficiencies under Different
MethodsMethods
Irrigation EfficienciesIrrigation Efficiencies Method of Irrigation (%)Method of Irrigation (%)
SurfaceSurface SprinklerSprinkler DripDrip
Conveyance EfficiencyConveyance Efficiency 40-50 (canal)40-50 (canal)
60-70 (well)60-70 (well) -- --
Application EfficiencyApplication Efficiency 60-7060-70 70-8070-80 9090
Surface water moistureSurface water moisture
evaporationevaporation
30-4030-40 30-4030-40 20-2520-25
Overall efficiencyOverall efficiency 30-3530-35 50-6050-60 80-9080-90

46. Impact of Irrigation method On Water use EfficiencyImpact of Irrigation method On Water use Efficiency
in Cottonin Cotton
IbragimovIbragimov et alet al (2007)(2007)

49. CHANGE IN CROP CALENDERCHANGE IN CROP CALENDER
DEPLETIONINWATERLEVELDEPLETIONINWATERLEVEL
(CM)(CM)
Recommended Date of Paddy Transplantation
If paddy is transplanted after 15th June, then net recharge and net draftIf paddy is transplanted after 15th June, then net recharge and net draft
balance each other in case rainfall is normalbalance each other in case rainfall is normal

51. Grain yield and water productivity of wheat asGrain yield and water productivity of wheat as
influence by planting patterninfluence by planting pattern
PlantingPlanting
patternpattern
Seed rateSeed rate
(kg ha(kg ha-1-1
))
No. ofNo. of
spikes/mspikes/m33
GrainGrain
yieldyield
(t ha(t ha-1-1
))
WaterWater
productivitproductivit
y (kg grainy (kg grain
mm-3-3
))
Bed 90 cmBed 90 cm 8080 445445 6.186.18 2.252.25
Flat bedFlat bed 100100 426426 5.285.28 1.261.26
CD (0.05)CD (0.05) 19.8419.84 0.3430.343 0.110.11
Silty loamSilty loamSilty loamSilty loam KumarKumar et alet al, 2010, 2010KumarKumar et alet al, 2010, 2010

52. Planting
Patterns
Cane Yield
(t/ha)
Water
Applied
(cm)
WUE
(kgm3
)
Paired row PlantingPaired row Planting
(0.75m)(0.75m)
158.8158.8 91.491.4 17.3717.37
Four row PlantingFour row Planting
(0.90m)(0.90m)
161.4161.4 106.4106.4 15.1615.16
Normal PlantingNormal Planting
(1.0m)(1.0m)
136.8136.8
193.0193.0 7.087.08
Effect of Planting Pattern on yield and WUEEffect of Planting Pattern on yield and WUE
Of Sugarcane in Rahuri, MaharashtraOf Sugarcane in Rahuri, Maharashtra
YadavYadav et alet al, 2000, 2000

54. Anti-transpirantsAnti-transpirants
AntitranspirantsAntitranspirants is any material applied to transpiring plant
surface for reducing water losses from plant.
 Nearly 99% of water absorbed by the plant is lost in transpiration
 Stomatal closing type – Phenyl mercuric acetate and Atrazine
 Film forming type – Plastic and waxy materials (Mobileaf,
Hexadeconol, Silicon) form a thin film on the leaf surface
 Reflectant type – White material form a coating on the leaves
and increase the leaf reflectance (5% Kaolin spray)
 Growth retardant – Chemicals reduce shoot growth and increase
root growth and thus enable the plant to resist drought
(Cycocel). They may also induce stomatal closure.

55. TreatmentsTreatments Mean transpirationMean transpiration Dry MatterDry Matter
productionproduction
WUEWUE
Soil MoistureSoil Moisture
RegimesRegimes
gm/potgm/pot gm/potgm/pot gm /gmgm /gm
×104×104
LowLow 20842084 8.58.5 40.840.8
HighHigh 27602760 9.49.4 34.034.0
Anti-transpirantAnti-transpirant
ControlControl 32343234 8.78.7 8.78.7
PMAPMA 21922192 8.18.1 8.18.1
KaoliniteKaolinite 25982598 8.88.8 8.88.8
PMA + KaolinitePMA + Kaolinite 18181818 9.29.2 9.29.2
MobileafMobileaf 22722272 10.010.0 10.010.0
Patil and De, 2006Patil and De, 2006
Influence of Anti-transpirants On Water ProductivityInfluence of Anti-transpirants On Water Productivity
of Rapeseed (of Rapeseed (Brassica campestrisBrassica campestris L.)L.)

56. CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• With the increase in temperature, the PET demand will be increasedWith the increase in temperature, the PET demand will be increased
so as the crop water requirement.so as the crop water requirement.
• Increase in evapo-transpiration due to global warming can putIncrease in evapo-transpiration due to global warming can put
tremendous pressure on existing over-stressed water resources.tremendous pressure on existing over-stressed water resources.
• More emphasis is needed to develop technologies for reducing waterMore emphasis is needed to develop technologies for reducing water
losses, conservation of rain water and development of crop varietieslosses, conservation of rain water and development of crop varieties
requiring less water.requiring less water.
• Different management strategies such as proper irrigation methodsDifferent management strategies such as proper irrigation methods
and scheduling, use anti-transpirants and proper management ofand scheduling, use anti-transpirants and proper management of
cultural practices enhance the yield and decreases ET losses.cultural practices enhance the yield and decreases ET losses.
• Integrated research efforts involving agrometeorologists,,Integrated research efforts involving agrometeorologists,,
agronomists, soil water engineers and plant breeders are required toagronomists, soil water engineers and plant breeders are required to
manage the water resources and crop water productivity undermanage the water resources and crop water productivity under
changing climatic conditionschanging climatic conditions..
.

57. THANK YOU FORYOURTHANK YOU FORYOUR
KINDKIND