2. Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology
Biology is the science of life in all its living
forms, plants, animals and microorganisms
including man
The term “Biology” derived from bios = life
and logos = science
Living organisms have many attributes that
distinguish them from nnoonn--lliivviinngg oobbjjeeccttss
It comes in the first place the characteristic
of adaptation: the innate fitness of an
organism for its environmental condition
The leopard is an excellent example of an
organism adapted to its environment
5. Biosphere وي ط ا ا
ر
رة ا ا
ا
ظ
ل ا
Life’s hierarchy of organization
Ecosystem م ا ظ ا
ط
ا
ر ا ا !
ط # خ و
ر ء وھواء و ن (
Florida coast دا ور # ل * ل +
Community, All organisms on
the Florida coast
ر
و ت ا ل ا :
! ا
دا ور # ل * ل +
ط #
ا
Population, Group
of brown pelicans
ت ن ا
و ! رة: ا
زاوج وع س ا ن
ا
ا ! ل ا + ( #
Organism ن ا
ة ب ا را
6. ظو
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ttttiiiieeeerrrr
Nucleus
واة ا
Nerve
ب2
Spinal cord
و ل ا ا
Tissue 3*
Nervous tissue
2 ا 3* ا
Cell
ا
Nerve cell
2
Organ و ا
Brain غ د ا
Organelle
Nucleus
واة
Molecule
5 ز!
DNA
د
Atom
ذرة
Brown pelican ا ! ا
Organ system وي ز ا (! ا
Nervous system 2 ز ا (! ا
Brain
غ د ا
TTTThhhheeee mmmmiiiiddddddddlllleeee
ttttiiiieeeerrrr
TTTThhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr
ttttiiiieeeerrrr
7. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
The upper tier is a global TTThhheee uuuppppppeeerrr tttiiieeerrr iiisss aaa ggglllooobbbaaalll ppppeeeerrrrssssppppeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee
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ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm
• PPPPPPPPooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallllssss ooooffff aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss oooonnnnllllyyyy
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12. Ecosystem
Producers
Sunlight
(such as plants)
Cycling
of
chemical
Nutrients
Chemical energy
Heat
Consumers
(such as animals)
( Heat
The cycling of nutrients
and flow of energy
in an ecosystem
15. DNA د
Prokaryotic cell
(no nuclear envelop)
Membrane
Eukaryotic cell
Contrasting the size and
complexity of
prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
(contains DNA surrounded
by nuclear membrane)
Organelles
16. 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
All living things share AAAllllll llliiivvviiinnnggg ttthhhiiinnngggsss ssshhhaaarrreee ccccoooommmmmmmmoooonnnn pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss
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•• GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooooowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwtttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddd ddddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllooooooooooooooooppppppppppppppppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttttttt -- ccccccccoooooooonnnnnnnnssssssssiiiiiiiisssssssstttttttteeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt ggggggggrrrrrrrroooooooowwwwwwwwtttttttthhhhhhhh aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd
ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooolllllllleeeedddd bbbbyyyy DDDDNNNNAAAA
• EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnneeeeeeeerrrrrrrrggggggggyyyyyyyy pppppppprrrrrrrroooooooocccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssssiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy aaaannnndddd ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffoooorrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg iiiitttt
ttttoooo aaaa ffffoooorrrrmmmm uuuusssseeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm
18. ((1) Order (2) Regulation 4) Energy processing
(3) Growth and
development
(5) Response to the
environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation
Some important properties of life
19. properties of life
All living things
exhibit
complex but
ordered
Organization, as
seen
(1) Order
Some important
in the highly
ordered
Structure of a
sunflower
20. Some important properties of life
For example, a
jackrabbit
can adjust its body
temperature by
regulating
(2)Regulation
The amount of blood
flowing through its ears.
when the rabbit’s body
temperature rises, more
blood flows through the
vessel in its ears,
allowing
excess heat to be
released
to the air.
21. Some important properties of life
Information IIInnnfffooorrrmmmaaatttiiiooonnn ccccaaaarrrrrrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy ggggeeeennnneeeessss
tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttssss ooooffff iiiinnnnhhhheeeerrrriiiittttaaaannnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt
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(3) Growth and development
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22. Some important properties of life
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(4) Energy processing
Metabolism
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((((mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm))))
23. Some important properties of life
All organisms respond
to environmental stimuli
Fro example, a Venus
flytrap
closes its trap in response
to the environmental
(5) Response to the environment
stimulus
of an insect landing on it
24. Some important properties of life
Organisms reproduce their
own kind, by producing
offsprings. This emperor
Penguins is protecting its
(6) Reproduction
baby.
By reproduction survival of
the specie, not extinction,
is achieved
25. Some important properties of life
Reproduction underlies the
capacity of populations to
change (evolve) over time
Fro example, the appearance
of the pygmy seahorses
has evolved in the way
that camouflage the animal
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
in its environment
30. Observations
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Question
ا
Hypothesis #2:
Burned-out bulb
An example of
-based science
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
ا
Test falsifies hypothesTisest does not falsify hypothesis
hypothesis-
34. Biology Is The Science Of Life In All Its
Living Forms, Plants, Animals And
Microorganisms Including Man
ت ا ة ة ا
35. ھ ظ درا ! ة ھ ا !
ن$% ا ا '( و *+, ت ا -. ان وا وا
Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life ة
ا را , ا ء ھ 01 ا !
The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios =
Life And Logos = Science Logos
: 23%% 23( 2 435 “Biology”
ـــ !
Logos ة و 0
Bios
Living Organisms ت ا -. ا
6
ا 2-. ي
58. 8 % اة Nucleus %
Contains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear
% ي د ط MD ف % O! وي 3
Membrane
Membrane 5X
ءDNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of
ا
ھ ا دة ا را ا MQ . ` %, All Cells
A Gene Is A Discrete Unit Of DNA %, ا 2 ة S ة ,0 و 2! رة ! 2L ا
59. ا
م – ا Order -. ,*
E
3 ا ت ا J ا
– ا رة ا دا *3 = A O! J O! ,* J3 Regulation
ة ا V
Growth And Development L ر ا 3 وا ا
Energy Processing
% رة ; و + ب ا $3( – إ + ا L
c1 ا ر 2-.
ا
– Response To The Environment A