Wireless sensor networks are fast developing technologies in communication area, because WSN works in rough condition where human is out of reach. This paper discuss about H-LEACH, using H-LEACH energy consideration problems can be solved by selecting a cluster head (CH). H-LEACH uses remaining energy and maximum energy of the nodes to select a cluster head using some threshold constrain.

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Efficient use of Energy in WSN using H-
LEACH
Abstract--Wireless sensor networks are fast
developing technologies in communication area,
because WSN works in rough condition where
human is out of reach. This paper discuss about H-
LEACH, using H-LEACH energy consideration
problems can be solved by selecting a cluster head
(CH). H-LEACH uses remaining energy and
maximum energy of the nodes to select a cluster
head using some threshold constrain.
Key words: LEACH, HEED, H-LEACH.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor network are placed in everyday
activities for environmental monitoring, industrial
monitoring applications. Wireless sensor network are
commonly placed in sensor’s require inputs where
security is the main constrain. Placement of routers is
at uneven heights where human interaction is not
possible in most of the cases. Power consideration
is a major role in looking the routers for better
efficiency. Sink drain, power are the major things that
make the Wireless sensor network tabove issue we are
protocol.
Transmission of information without dropping an
energy disturbance for nodes to form cluster for longer
distance is the main issue.
WSN are divided into homogeneous and
heterogeneous networks, to making the nodes to use
less energy from batteries. LEACH and HEED are the
homogeneous network [2]. For large range of networks
LEACH cannot be considered and using LEACH there
is a problem in selecting the cluster head based on
energy constrain.
Pavithra R V
Department of Computer Science & Engineer
Don Bosco Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India,
pavithra26vijay@gmail.com
Dr. Tippeswamy G R
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Don Bosco Institute of Technology,
Banglore, Karnataka, India
tippeswamygowda9@gmail.com

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WSN usually consists of number of sensor nodes
and these sensor nodes are placed randomly in the
network. Signals are sensed by the sensor in a network
and data accepted node process the information and
finally transmits the signal to sink node. Cluster heads
are used to combine the data received from the nodes
thereby conserving energy of the network [4].
Cluster can be formed by grouping the nodes in the
network and any one node among each cluster is
selected as a cluster head. HEED can be used as a
measure to obtain channel head based on energy
parameters apart from threshold condition. All the
nodes in the network get a chance in their life time to
become a cluster head and thereby increasing the
lifetime of the network [8].
2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
LEACH is one of the clustering routing protocols
to select cluster head of a node using energy and
threshold conditions. Selection of a node is not based
on amount of energy, which could cause problem in
selection to give priority to low power node. If low
power node is not used efficiently, more number of
nodes has to be taken to form a cluster. LEACH cannot
be used for larger networks because it uses the single
hop clustering routing. Nodes with low energy, elected
as CH could cause energy holes and coverage
problems.
3. RELATED WORK
HEED allows calculating Channel head based on
remaining energy. Here all the nodes are supposed to
maintain same energy at the beginning [2]. HEED has
a disadvantage that it cannot be operated for different
levels of energy considerations from the first round.
Energy efficient LEACH (EE LEACH) [4] routing
protocol is used in wireless sensor network functioning
based on optimal clustering and effective data
ensemble. The node with the highest remaining is
selected as a cluster head. The data or information
aggregation is performed by cluster head before
sending data to base station. LEACH protocol has
lesser packet delivery ratio, lesser consumption of
energy, but it fails to provide integrity of data and
confidentiality.
LEACH [5] protocol is used for the energy
efficient operation. LEACH improves the life time of
the network by saving the energy of the nodes and the
data from the nodes in a cluster are aggregated by the
cluster head and sends to the base station. Few attacks
like Sybil attack, selective forwarding, and hello
flooding attack degrades the LEACH’s performance
by dropping, spoofing, replying or altering the data
packets. Clusters are distributed unevenly and divided
randomly. If the cluster head dies data would never
reach the base station.
D-HEED is used in order to avoid threshold
problems and to give a deterministic approach for
calculating the channel head based on 1/p last rounds
[10]. Cluster head formation is usually smooth in D-
HEED compared to HEED.

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4. H-LEACH
H-LEACH uses remaining and maximum
energy of the nodes to select a channel head for each
round. The proposed algorithm is used to find the life
time of the nodes in terms of rounds when the
proposed threshold and energy conditions are
considered. The nodes with energy less than minimum
energy required for sending and receiving signal will
die as it lacks energy to do it.
The following algorithm briefly explains the
logical part of the code used to find the life time of a
network with proposed H-LEACH protocol.
A. Design and Function
The following flow chart describes the working of
H-LEACH protocol. When the network enters the
setup phase, Ep, the probability of using energy
considerations is calculated by using Emax, Cp and
Ep, then the average energy of all the nodes are
calculated. Then the threshold value is calculated. A
number is randomly selected in the range 0 to 1. If the
number selected is less than the threshold value and
the corresponding node is assigned as cluster head if
its energy is more than that of the average energy. The
energy required for data transmission is deduced from
the energy of the node in every round. When the
energy falls below the minimum value, it is declared to
be dead.
Lines 1 to 3 describe different parameters used in
initializing the code, inputs and outputs of a system.
Line 4 describes about average energy used, which is
used later to compare the energy with other nodes and
derive a second channel head that is used to send
information to Base station using TDMA mechanism.
Line 5 describes about energy constraints used to
determine probabilistic value that is used to obtain
threshold in later stage. Line 6 initiates end terms of a
loop process for max number of rounds. In line 7, the
initial energy of each node is set. Line 8 considers
threshold value that is used to estimate channel head of
a node. Line 9 considers a random number between 0
to1 and compares it with threshold value to determine
channel head. In line 10, it is checked if the random
number picked is less than threshold and node has
enough energy to transmit data. Line 11 indicates the
assignment of first channel head. Line 12 describes
about reducing the Etr from energy of the node.
Line13 and 14 increments the process to next round,
line 15 starts the whole process again from line 8. Line
16 indicates the plotting of a graph between alive
nodes and number of nodes.
1. Initialization: N=(n1, n2, n3…,nn),
E=(e1,e2,e3….,en), r= number of rounds, Ech= Energy
of channel head,e0 = initial energy of each node,
Eavg= Average energy of all nodes in particular
cluster., Ep= Probability using energy considerations,
Er= reaming energy, Etr= energy required for
transmitting and receiving data Emax= Maximum
energy of a node, TDMA= Time division multiple
access

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2. Inputs: Er, Emax, n, r, e0,
3. Outputs: CH, graph plotting alive nodes.
4.
5. i = 1 to r
6. if (ni∈ N ) then
7. e0( i)=P*((Emax-Eused)/Emax)
8. t(n)= (e0(i)/(1-e0(i)*mod(r,round(1/e0(i))
9. t= random number (0-1)
10. if((t<t(n)) && (ei > Eavg)) then
11. CH ← ni
12. s( i).e = s(i).e- Etr :used to send information
through TDMA
13. end if
14. i= i+1
15. goto step 6
16. Plot total alive nodes for each round
17. end if
B. Cluster head Data transfer
Cluster head is used for communication to base
station and a radio model analysis is carried out in
order to send the data. Transmitter sends the
information to amplifier and then it is sent to receiver.
Distance between transmitter and receiver is used to
evaluate the performance of hopping distance among
the nodes.
5. SIMULATION RESULT
The count of alive nodes is plotted for all rounds.
The various specifications considered for the
program are:
a. Number of nodes (n)=100
b. Area R=100*100
c. Initial Energy=20J
d. Base Station Position= 50*30
e. X-axis=100
f. Y-axis-100
g. Number of CH=5
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, results indicate that proposed H-
LEACH is more efficient than existing LEACH
protocol. In the H-LEACH, the average energy and
residual energy of the nodes play a main role in the
selection of cluster heads. H-LEACH, being the
combination of HEED and LEACH over comes the
node energy issues, which is the major disadvantage of
the LEACH protocol. A new formula is proposed in
this paper to find the threshold value by using the
average energy of the node. The energy consumed by
the node for transmitting and receiving data is reduced
in every round to keep track of the alive nodes in every
round. Node is declared dead when its energy falls
below the minimum energy required to transmit
energy.
REFERENCE
[1] Dr.Tippeswamy G R, Prof Dept of CSE, Don
Bosco Institute of Technology and
Pavithra R V, M.Tech student, Dept of CSE, Don
Bosco Institute of Technology, Mysore Road,
Bangalore-560074

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Technology & Research
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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
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