7. The Kingdoms of Life
Biologists have organized living things into large
groups called Kingdoms.
Biologists group organisms into six Kingdoms based
on RNA and DNA sequencing and similarities:
Cell Type
Organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Cell Walls
Body Type
Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
Nutrition
Organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
9. The 3 Domains of Life
The domain thought to be the oldest is
Bacteria, which is composed of the organisms in
the Kingdom Eubacteria.
Archaea is the second prokaryotic domain and
is also composed of single
kingdom Archaebacteria.
The third domain, Eukarya,
contains all four of the
eukaryotic kingdoms:
Animalia (animals),
Fungi (fungi), Plantae
(plants), and Protista (protists).
10. Each animal phylum has a unique body plan.
Vertebrates have an internal segmented backbone.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
Invertebrates encompass most animal groups.
11. Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of Hox
genes.
– Hox genes tell embryonic cells which body part to
become.
– Mutations in Hox genes led to the vast diversity of
animal species.
head tail
head
tail
fruit fly genes
human
HOX-B genes
12. Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria.
Three criteria are used to categorize animals.
body plan symmetry
– tissue layers
– developmental patterns
gastrovascular
cavity
mouth
mesoglea
oral arms
tentacles
blood vessels
brain
hearts
muscle
segment
nerve cord
mouth
digestive track
13. There are two types of body plan symmetry.
– bilateral symmetry: body divides equally along one plane
Animals with bilateral
symmetry can be
divided equally along
only one plane, which
splits an animal
into mirror-image
sides.
14. – radial symmetry: body arranged in circle around a
central axis
• There are two types of body plan symmetry.
– bilateral symmetry: body divides equally along one plane
Animals with radial symmetry
have body parts arranged in a
circle around a central axis.
15. The current organization of the animal kingdom shows some unexpected
relationships.
• Technological advancements
help to clarify evolutionary
relationships.
17. Kingdom Animalia
Animals are complex
multicellular heterotrophs.
Their cells are mostly diploid,
lack a cell wall, and are
organized as tissues.
Animals are able to move rapidly
in complex ways.
Movement enables
animals to avoid
predators and to
look for food and mates.
18. Kingdom Animalia
Most animals reproduce
sexually.
Almost all animals (99%) are
invertebrates; they lack a
backbone.
Of more than 1 million living
species, only about 42,500
have a backbone; they are
referred to as vertebrates.
The animal kingdom includes
about 35 phyla, most of
which live in the sea.
21. A comparison of structure and genetics reveals
the evolutionary history of animals.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major radiations on the animal
phylogenetic tree.
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida
Mollusca Nematoda Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
RADIAL
NO TISSUES
PROTOSTOMES
DUETEROSTOMES
jellyfish,coral,
anemones
sponges
flatworms
Segmented
worms
clams,snails,
octopuses
roundworms
crustaceans,
insects,spiders
seastars,
seaurchins
lancelets,
vertebrates
22. Phylum Porifera
(sponges)
Asymmetrical
Pores—filter feeders
Not motile (sessile)
Provide habitat for other animals
Eaten by starfish and some fish
Most primitive animal
23. Phylum Cnidaria
(jellyfish, sea anemones, coral)
Digestive cavity called a
coelenteron
Radial symmetry
Predators-feed on crustaceans
Corals provide important habitat
for fish
Coral used for decoration and
threatened by pollution
All have stinging cells
24. Phylum Platyhelminthes
(planarians, tapeworms, flukes)
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization- head and brain
Acoelomate- no body cavity
Incomplete digestive system (one
opening)
Some are parasites in digestive
tract
In early 1900’s models ate them to
be thin—YUK!
25. Phylum Nematoda
(roundworms)
Also called nematodes
Complete digestive system-
separate mouth and anus (2
openings)
Pseudocoelomate
Decomposers, predators (bacteria,
inverts)
Eaten by insects, mice
Beneficial to garden by eating
insects
26. Phylum Annelida
(segmented worms)
i.e. earthworms, leeches
True coelom
Sensitive to vibrations on ground-
rain
Prey for robins, shrews, jays,
snakes
Leeches have cornified knobs to
break skin, anticoagulant and
anesthetic
27. Phylum Mollusca
(shelled…sometimes)
i.e. snails, slugs, clams, mussels, scallops,
oysters, octopus and squid
Variety in form
Giant squid = sea serpent
Introduction of garden snails
28. Phylum Arthropoda
(jointed legged animals)
i.e. insects, spiders and scorpions,
shellfish (crustaceans), centipedes
(1 pr legs per segment), millipedes
(2 pr)
Exoskeleton
Metamorphosis
Pheromones
Molting
32. Kingdom Animalia
Animals are complex
multicellular heterotrophs.
Their cells are mostly diploid,
lack a cell wall, and are
organized as tissues.
Animals are able to move rapidly
in complex ways.
Movement enables
animals to avoid
predators and to
look for food and mates.
33. Kingdom Animalia
Most animals reproduce
sexually.
Almost all animals (99%) are
invertebrates; they lack a
backbone.
Of more than 1 million living
species, only about 42,500
have a backbone; they are
referred to as vertebrates.
The animal kingdom includes
about 35 phyla, most of
which live in the sea.
34. Kinds of Animals
Sponges
The only animals that do not have
tissues,
but they do have specialized cells.
Cnidarians
Mostly marine animals;
they include
jellyfish, sea anemones,
and corals.
35. Kinds of Animals
Flatworms
Have flat, ribbon-like bodies.
Some are parasitic and live
inside the
bodies of animals.
Others are free-living and
may live in
soil or water.
36. Kinds of Animals
Roundworms
Nematodes are small
worms that have long,
very slender bodies.
Some are free-living in
soil or water, while
others are parasites of
animals and plants.
37. Kinds of Animals
Segmented Worms
Annelids live in both water
and soil
and include the familiar
earthworm.
Bristled marine worms are
segmented
worms, as are leeches, which
can be
blood-sucking parasites.
38. Kinds of Animals
Mollusks
Have a saclike cavity called a
coelom that encloses internal
organs.
Are very diverse aquatic and
terrestrial animals.
They include snails, oysters,
clams, octopuses, and squids.
Most have a hard external
skeleton (a shell).
39. Kinds of Animals
Arthropods
The most diverse of all
animals.
They have an external
skeleton, jointed
appendages with
antennae and jaws.
41. Kinds of Animals
Invertebrate Chordates
Aquatic animals that have
much in
common with vertebrates,
though they do not have a
backbone.
Some are swimmers that
resemble
fish, while others live
attached to
a rock or other object.
42. Kinds of Animals
Vertebrates
Have an internal skeleton
made of bone, a vertebral
column (backbone) that
surrounds and protects the
spinal cord, and a head with
a brain contained in a body
skull.
Includes mammals,
fish, birds, reptiles,
and amphibians.