Bioremediation of pesticides adventus

Bioremediation of
Pesticides
Introduction
This document summarizes Adventus experience treating organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and groundwater
using DARAMEND® and EHC™ bioremediation amendments. Adventus has offered DARAMEND for ex situ
treatment of recalcitrant compounds in soil for more than 10 years. DARAMEND has also shown to be effective for
in situ applications. As OCPs bind strongly to the soil, the impacts are often limited to the upper couple of feet and
regular agricultural equipment could be used for in situ application of the DARAMEND amendments. Variations of
these materials have also been found effective for in situ treatment of OCPs in groundwater. EHC and
DARAMEND are also effective for treatment of a number of other inorganic and organic compounds and could
hence be used for mixed impacts. In addition, formulations of these compounds are available for simultaneous
immobilization of heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium and lead.
DARAMEND for OCPs in Soil
DARAMEND is an advanced biological treatment technology for soil, sediment and solid wastes contaminated
with recalcitrant organic compounds. DARAMEND has been successfully applied to more than 2,000,000 tons of
soil, sediment, and other materials contaminated with persistent compounds including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCP, phthalates, chlorinated herbicides and pesticides, organic explosive compounds and
wood preservatives at a variety of industrial and Department of Defense (DOD) sites in the United States, Canada,
and Europe. Given our excellent record of performance, Adventus is willing to guarantee the remedial
performance of our technology.
The key components of DARAMEND bioremediation technology are (i) amendment of the material to be
remediated with DARAMEND organic amendments, and (ii) regulation of oxygen availability and moisture content
by mechanical tillage and irrigation, respectively. The treatment schedule and the exact formula of the
DARAMEND amendments vary depending on the compound to be treated. For OCPs, an approach with cycled
anaerobic and aerobic conditions have been found to be the most effective and the DARAMEND amendments are
comprised of organic material, and reduced iron and/or reduced zinc. The organic fraction is derived from natural
plant fibers rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, and therefore serves as a carbon source for microbiological
consumption. DARAMEND also provides major, minor and micro nutrients required for rapid microbial growth.
DARAMEND bioremediation enhances and promotes natural bioremediation rates by adjusting conditions in a soil
matrix to stimulate biodegradation of target compounds. No microbial inoculation is conducted. The amendments
will be manufactured regionally (Illinois or Iowa) using a proprietary process.
Ex Situ Applications
Traditionally, DARAMEND has been applied to excavated
soil in on-site biotreatment cells. Adventus recently
completed the full-scale remediation of a pesticide impacted
superfund site in Montgomery, Alabama. At this site
Toxaphene, DDT, DDD, and DDE were remediated in a
land treatment cell over an average of 8 treatment cycles.
The results from this project as well as a few other pesticide
projects recently completed using DARAMEND
bioremediation are highlighted in Table 1 and Appendix A.
Figure 1: Placement of soil into treatment cell.
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Bioremediation of Pesticides
2
Table 1: Influence of DARAMEND bioremediation on OCPs in soils at sites in the USA and Canada.
Site Compound Concentration (mg/kg) Initial Final Treatment Period
Uniroyal Chemical,
Ontario, Canada
2,4-D 97 3.8
2,4,5-T 8.1 1.3 9 months
DDT 53.5 4.7
CIBA-Giegy,
Ontario, Canada
Metolachlor 72 1 10 months Atrazine 15 1.5
W.R. Grace,
South Carolina, USA
Toxaphene 239 5.1 4 months DDT 89 16.5
THAN Superfund Site,
Alabama, USA
Toxaphene 189 11
DDT 84 9 10 months
DDD 180 52
DDE 25 6
ATOFINA Chemicals
Kentucky, USA
a-HCH 7,647 446
99 days
b-HCH 1,200 373
Lindane 567 14
d-HCH 747 57
HCB 10.9 1.3
In Situ Treatment of OCPs in Soil
DARAMEND bioremediation can also be effectively applied in situ as a land treatment process. Soil and
amendments are blended using a rotary tiller, driven by an agricultural tractor, with an effective penetration of 2 ft.
Deeper soil impacts may be treated in situ using deep soil mixing equipment or by applying the treatment in lifts.
Depending on the cost of excavation and the depth of contamination this may be more cost effective than ex-situ
treatment. Water content is one critical process parameter and is adjusted using agricultural irrigation equipment.
The results from a couple of in situ projects are provided in Table 2.
Figure 2: Application of DARAMEND. Figure 3: Irrigation to add moisture.
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Table 2: Influence of DARAMEND bioremediation applied in situ.
Site Compound Concentration (mg/kg) Initial Final Treatment Period
Agricultural Site,
Florida, USA Dieldrin 45.9 15.1 2 weeks
Future Residential
Development Site, CA
(confidential)
DDT 2.0 0.33
DDE 3.1 0.7 3 weeks
DDD 0.07 0.025
EHC for OCPs in Groundwater
EHC is a patented combination of controlled-release carbon and zero-valent iron (ZVI) particles used for
stimulating reductive dechlorination of otherwise persistent organic compounds in groundwater. EHC uses the
same basic chemistry as DARAMEND, but is specifically formulated for easy injection into the subsurface. EHC is
provided in 50-lb bags as a dry powder and mixed with water on site into a slurry. The slurry is injected into the
subsurface using a number of available technologies, including direct injection through GeoProbe rods and
hydraulic/pneumatic fracturing. EHC slurry may also be applied via direct application into trenches or by using
deep soil mixing equipment. Common applications include hot-spot treatment, plume treatment and plume
management using a permeable reactive barrier.
Relevant Treatment Performance
EHC has been evaluated at both bench and field scale for treatment of various OCPs in groundwater (Table 3).
Please note that the results refer to a single application of EHC and the treatment time refers to the elapsed time
post application. More detailed information is provided for a couple of the projects in Appendix B.

3
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Table 3: Influence of EHC bioremediation on OCPs in groundwater/saturated soils at sites in the USA.
Dibromochloropropane
[ug/L] 1.5 0.26
Ethylene dibromide
[ug/L] 1.5 0.5
[mg/L] 240 20
Endrin [ug/L] 20.5 0.6
pp'-DDD [ug/L] 1.3 ND
pp'-DDT [ug/L] 11.9 ND
Endrin Ketone [ug/L] 1.4 ND
Total BHCs [ug/L] 1.1 0.51 Field data (mean
Dieldrin [ug/L] 0.60 0.19 conc.) - 6 months
Endrin [ug/L] 0.58 0.36
Total BHCs+
Dieldrin+Endrin [ug/L] 2.3 1.1 Field data (mean
conc.) - 10 months
Toxaphene [mg/kg] 127.7 8.7 Mean conc. in
Total OCPs [mg/kg] 169.1 11.8 – 8 months

Site Compound
Concentration
Final /
Latest
Data
Initial / Treatment Period
Control
Pilot-Scale PRB,
Pesticide Manufacturing
Facility, California, USA
Still ongoing -
5 months
Nitrate-nitrogen
Plume Treatment using 3
Reactive Zones,
Former Pesticide
Manufacturing Facility,
SE USA
Batch study
(detects) – 4 days
Hot-Spot Treatment,
Former Pesticide
Manufacturing Facility,
SE USA
saturated soil
4
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APPENDIX A
DARAMEND FOR OCPs CASE STUDIES

Field Prole
DARAMEND ®
Project
Future Residential Development Site, Canada
Condential Client
Summary
A future residential development was to be built on land that had concentrations of organochlorinated pesticides
such as DDT and DDE that exceeded the governmental residential use guidelines. As a much less expensive and
environmentally friendly solution compared to hauling and disposing of the soil, the developer contracted Adventus
to provide turn-key bioremediation
of the soil. To provide poof-of-concept,
a two-acre pilot project was
initiated. Within a period of three
weeks, Adventus was able to meet
the soil treatment goals using its
patented DARAMEND technology.
The cost of the pilot project was
approximately US $40,400 per acre.
Full-scale remediation of over 30
acres of land is planned for 2007, at a
projected cost of US $29,900 to
$32,100 per acre.
The Challenge
A former agricultural site (Fig. 2 ) was being converted to
residential use; however, the soil contained pesticide
concentrations that exceeded the governmental guidelines for
residential use. Application of pesticides over many decades
to the apple trees and strawberries resulted in this
contamination. A total of approximately 34 acres of land
exceeded the guidelines on this 300-acre site. The impacted
areas were divided into ten elds spread across the site. A
number of ponds are on site, which had been previously used
for irrigation purposes. Digging and disposing of the soil
would have been much more expensive to implement. A more
cost-eective and environmentally-friendly solution was
preferable.
Figure 2: Former apple orchard.
Figure 1: Breaking ground on DARAMEND soil bioreme diation.
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Lab-Scale Validation and Performance Warranty
A bench-scale study was rst performed using a soil sample toe nsure the technology was going to be eective at
the site. The study was successful, and this enabled Adventus to provid ae performance warranty for the pilot work.
With the exception of a mobilization fee, no payment would be requeidr if the soils did not meet the treatment
goals. Adventus is able to oer such a strong warranty because ocfo ndence in the technology from past projects
and experience with the site soil.
Field Work
DARAMEND treatment of organochlorine pesticides such as DDT, DDE, DDD, Dieldrin, Toxaphene, Chlordane,
and many others requires a treatment approach where the soil isc cleyd between reducing conditions and aerobic
conditions. The DARAMEND amendment ( Fig. 3 ), which in this case was a combination of controlled-release
carbon and zero-valent iron, was spread onto the soil and incorporated usinge dpe rotary tillers (Fig. 4 5 ).
Once incorporated into the soil, water is added to achieve the desired moisture content. This step initiates
the reductive phase of the treatment. Native microorganisms in the soil utilize the carbon and nutrients
provided by the DARAMEND to drive the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) down. Corrosion of the
iron, as intended, further reduces the ORP. This
combination of processes creates an environment
where chlorine atoms are removed from the
pesticides. After the reductive phase, the soil is
tilled again to dry out the soil to a lower moisture
content and introduce oxygen into the soil. This
allows further breakdown of the organic
pesticides and prepares the soil for further
treatment cycles if necessary. In this case, only
one treatment cycle was required.

Field Prole
2
Figure 3: DARAMEND 1-ton bag. Figure 4: Deep rotary tiller attached to tractor.
Figure 5: Deep rotary tiller working soil.
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The Result
The results of the treatment are summarized inT able 1 for DDT, DDE, and DDD. The removal eciencies were
83% for DDT, 77% for DDE, and 65% for DDD. The nal soil concentra tions met the treatment goals and the soil
is suitable for residential development. If further reductionsw ere required, additional treatment cycles would
provide additional treatment.
DDT ( μg/g) DDE ( μg/g) DDD ( μg/g)
Composite Initial 2.0 3.1 0.065
Post DARAMEND Treatment 0.34 0.70 0.023
Removal Eciency 83% 77% 65%
Figure 6: Treated soil.

Field Prole
3
Table 1: Inuence of DARAMEND treatment on organoc hlorinated pesticide concentrations.
The Conclusion
The project was completed on budget and in a
period of only three weeks, at a cost of
approximately US $40,400 per acre for this pilot
project. Full-scale remediation of over 30 acres
of land is planned for 2007, at a projected cost of
US $29,900 to $32,100 per acre. These costs are
far less than the costs of excavation, hauling, and
disposal.
In addition, the treatment method is more
environmentally friendly for a number of
reasons. The soil is treated on site (Fig. 6 ) as
opposed to using landll space. The treatment
method uses little energy and very few resources.
Finally, contaminants are being destroyed, not
just transported.
For more information, contact us by phone at 888.295.8661 or by email at info@advent us.us.
DARAMEND is a registered trademark of Adventus Inte llectual Property Inc.
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Field Prole
DARAMEND ®
Project Title
Full-Scale Bioremediation of Pesticide Impacted Soil/Sediment
T.H. Agriculture Nutrition (THAN) Superfund Site
Montgomery, Alabama
Summary
Soil and sediment (~4,500 tons) impacted with Toxaphene,
DDT, DDD and DDE were excavated from impacted areas on
the site, including a surface water drainage way. Impacted silos
were placed in a prepared bed on site and a cycled,
anaerobic/aerobic bioremediation treatment protocol was
administered. Following the application of 3 to 12 treatment
cycles Toxaphene, DDT, DDE, and DDD concentrations were
reduced by 95%, 89%, 71%, and 76%, respectively.
The Challenge
Toxaphene, DDT, and DDD exceeded remedial objectives in most areas of the site initially. Toxaphene and DDD
concentrations, in particular, were highly elevated in some eaar s. We believe that Toxaphene and DDD
concentrations in this range have previously never been succeussllfy remediated using a biological treatment
technology.
The Solution
Application of DARAMEND , a proprietary organic amendment, and powdered iron through repeated and
sequential application generate anoxic and oxic conditions. Amnedments are incorporated to a depth of two feet
using a specialized deep rotary tiller. Water is then applied to bring soil moisture content up to 90% of the soil water
holding capacity (WHC). These steps are repeated for each treatmen ctycle.
The Result
The remedial goals (i.e., Toxaphene 29 mg/kg, DDT 94 mg/kg, DDD 132 mg/kg, and DDE 94 mg/kg), were
reached in all areas of the treatment cell following the application of 3 to 12 treatment cycles. The number of
treatment cycles required to reach the remedial goal w apsrimarily dependent on the initial concentrations.
Analytical results indicate that mean Toxaphene, DDT, DDD, and DDE concentrations were reduced from 189
mg/kg, 81 mg/kg, 180 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, 52 mg/kg, and 6 m/kgg, respectively. This
corresponds to removal and destruction eciencies (RDE) of 95%, 89%, 71%, and 76%.
In some sampling zones initial pesticide concentrations were mhu chigher than the mean concentrations and
performance in these zones was correspondingly more eective. o Fr example, Toxaphene, DDT, DDD, and DDE
concentrations were reduced from 720 mg/kg, 227 mg/kg, 590 mg/kg, and 65 mg/kog 1t0.5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 87
mg/kg, and 8.6 mg/kg, respectively, in heavily impacted regions ofh te site. This corresponds to RDE’s of 99%,
94%, 85%, and 87%
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The Cost
The treatment cost per ton varied according to the init iacloncentration and ranged between $29/ton and $63/ton.
The average unit cost for the treatment of approximately 4,500 tons of soils w aspproximately $55/ton.
The Timeline
As indicated above, variable contaminant concentrations resulteind variable treatment time requirements. Remedial
goals were reached after three treatment cycles (6 wee)k sin less heavily impacted regions on the Site, while the
most heavily impacted areas required 12 treatment cycles (24 weeks). On aevrage, the remedial goals were achieved
following the application of approximately 8 treatment cycles (16 wee)k.s

Field Prole
2
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (cycles)
Concentration (mg/kg)
Toxophene
DDT
DDE
DDD
Figure 1. Inuence of DARAMEND Bioremediation on Toxaphene , DDT, DDE, and DDD
concentrations in soil during the full-scale treatment of impacted soils at the THAN
superfund site in Montgomery, Alabama.

Adventus Americas Inc.
2871 W. Forest Road - Suite 2
Freeport, IL 61032 USA
Ph. 815/235-3503
Fx: 815/235-3506
Email: info@adventus.us
Adventus Americas (Canada)
21345 Fewster Drive
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Ph: 905/273-5374
Fx: 905/273-4367
Adventus Group Brasil - Av. Paulista, nº 37 - 4º andar
CEP 01311-902 Phone: (55 11) 2246 2759 / Fax: (55 11) 2246 2799

I n it ia l
2 C y c le s
4 C y c le s
6 C y c le s
9 C y c le s
2 , 4 -D 2 ,4 , 5 -T
In i t ia l
6 C y c le s
9 C y c le s
D D X D D T D D D D D E

Field Prole
DARAMEND ®
Project Title
Condential Chemical Facility, Ontario, CA
Summary
Adventus’ DARAMEND technology was selected for use at a pil ot-scale demonstration for the treatment of 350
tons of soil impacted by phenoxy-acid herbicides (2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T), and othe rchlorinated pesticides (DDT,
DDD, and DDE).
The Solution
The treatment process involved the application of DARAMEND to a 60 cm thick layer of soil within a treatment
cell. Due to the volatile and highly toxic nature of the phenoxy-aidc herbicides the treatment cell was covered with
a polyethylene clad greenhouse. Negative pressure was mainntaeid within the greenhouse by continuously drawing
air from the greenhouse and discharging it through a granular avcattied carbon lter. Soil undergoing treatment
was subjected to several treatment cycles and was irrigeadt to 90% of the soil water holding content at the start of
each treatment cycle.
The Result
The application of DARAMEND served to reductively de-chlorinate, and subsequently mineralize the chlorinated
herbicides and pesticides. The concentrations of the target nctoaminants, 2,4-D, 245-T, and DDT, were reduced by
over 96%, 84%, and 91% respectively (Figure 1).
1 0 0
7 5
5 0
2 5
0
7 0
6 0
5 0
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
Figure 1: Eect of DARAMEND treatment on the concentr ations of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, DDT,
DDD, and DDE during a pilot-scale demonstration at a Chemical facili ty in Ontario.
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The Cost
The estimated treatment cost for the full-scale applicaotni of DARAMEND bioremediation at this site, which
would have involved the treatment of 35,000 tons of similarly contamineadt material, was approximately
US$127.00/ton. The cost associated with this project is slightly eelvated when compared with most similarly sized
projects due to the extremely toxic and semi-volatile nuarte of the contaminants, and consequently, the environ-mental,

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Field Prole
2
health and safety procedures required.

Ph. 815/235-3503
Fx: 815/235-3506
21345 Fewster Drive
Ph: 905/273-5374
Fx: 905/273-4367
CEP 01311-902 Phone: (55 11) 2246 2759 / Fax: (55 11) 2246 2799

Field Prole
DARAMEND ®
Project
Former Agricultural Site, Florida, USA
Condential Client
Summary
In November 2004, Adventus conducted a 2,600-ton in situ pilot-scale
technology validation project using Adventus’ patented DARAMEND
technology to remove organochlorine pesticides from impacted lsso ai t a
former agricultural site in Florida. The treatment area consisted of two
treatment plots identied as North and South, each containing 1a- foot
layer of soil with elevated concentrations of dieldrin. Ther emedial goal
was met in a 2-3 week period and subsequent eld monitoring showd ethat
soil dieldrin concentrations decreased by 67% in that period at tao tal
project cost of approximately $12.50/yd3.
The Challenge
Results from the site characterization sampling indicated an aevrage initial soil dieldrin concentration of 45.9 μg/kg
in the treatment plots. The remedial objective was to treat the ddieriln to below 15 μg/kg.
The Solution
Two sequential Daramend treatments consisting of sequential anoc xaind oxic conditions were applied. These
conditions were generated through the application of DARAMEND amendments (0.5 % by weight), which were
applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of f1oot with a tractor-driven deep rotary tiller or disc
(Figure 1). After amendment incorporation, water was applied to bnrgi the soil moisture content up to 90% of the
soil water-holding capacity (Figure 2). These steps were repeated for the second treatment cycle. Each cycle
consisted of an eight day anoxic phase, followed by a two day oxic phase.
Figure 1: In-place application of DARAMEND Figure 2: Irrigation to meet optimal soil moisture
amendment. content for bacterial degradation.
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Concentration of
Dieldrin in Soil
50
40
30
20
10

Field Prole
2
The Result
The soil dieldrin decreased from an average
of 45.9 μg/kg to 15.1 μg/kg in two treatment
cycles, which comprises a removal rate of
67% (Figure 3). A third treatment cycle was
able to reduce the concentration by 85 to
90%.
Figure 3: Rapid, Cost-Ecient and
Eective DARAMEND
Bioremediation of dieldrin-impacted
soil.
The Time Line and Cost
The remedial objective was reached within a 2-3 week period at a total opjrect cost of approximately $12.50/yd3.

Ph. 815/235-3503
Fx: 815/235-3506
21345 Fewster Drive
Ph: 905/273-5374
Fx: 905/273-4367
0
0 1 2 3
DARAMEND Treatment Cycle
Concentration
[ug/kg]
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APPENDIX B
EHC FOR OCPs CASE STUDIES

Field Prole
EHC™
Project
EHC TM Treatment of Groundwater Plume Containing Chlorinated Solvents, Condentl iCalient - SE USA
The Challenge
Groundwater at a former manufacturing facility was impacted b ychlorinated solvents, primarily carbon
tetrachloride (CT) and trichloroethylene (TCE), as well as organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs). Adventus
employed its EHC™ in situ integrated biological and chemical reduction (ISCR) technologyy ielding safe, rapid
and eective in situ treatment. After only 3 months of EHC application, the CT concentration decreased from 260
ppb to 7.8 ppb (97% removal) without the accumulation of catabolic intmerediates. Treatment improved further at
the 6-month sampling, showing a removal to 0.8 ppb (99.7% removal). A llsix of six monitoring wells met the
groundwater clean up criteria for volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
The Solution
EHC™ is a patented combination of controlled-release carbon and zero valent iron (ZVI) particles used for
stimulating reductive dechlorination of otherwise persistent goarnic compounds in groundwater. The volume
requiring treatment was 110 ft (34 m) wide by approximately 190t f(58 m) long, from 15 to 40 ft (4.6 to 12 m)
below ground surface (bgs). The approach was to create three, 10 f(t3 m) wide reactive zones: one at the
upgradient edge, and two in the middle of the treatment area. Tthhee ory behind this approach is that the volatile
fatty acids, hydrogen, and ferrous iron released from EHC would migarte downgradient to treat the plume. Further,
contact between contaminants and the ZVI that is incorporated ine t EhHC product would be chemically treated. A
total of 45,000 lbs (20,455 kg) of EHC were applied at the site. Within the reactive zones, the application rate was
0.5% by dry soil mass; however, the overall application rate for the total a rea treated was 0.08%.
The injections were completed in June of 2005 using direct injecotin (Figure 1 ). The rst round of monitoring well
sampling occurred in September of 2005.
Figure 1: Application of EHC slurry using direct injection.
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Field Prole
The Result
Excellent treatment results were attained, as shown iTna ble 1 where the pre-treatment and 3-month post-treatment
results are presented for all wells in the treatment aare. The full range of analyzed chloroethenes and
chloromethanes are shown inF igure 2 for the most highly contaminated well. All constituents at ths iwell were
reduced by signicant amounts, with CT being reduced by 99.7%F. igure 3 shows the contoured eld data for
carbon tetrachloride one year prior to injection, and three ansdix months following the injections. All values were
less than 1 ppb at the six-month sampling, and all VOC treatmento gals were met .Figure 4 shows the degradation
of OCPs over time due to EHC application.
2

Figure 2: Inuence of EHC treatment on chloroethene and chlo romethane
concentrations (MW #2).
Table 1: Inuence of 3 months of EHC treatment on TCE and CT conc entrations in groundwater
from all wells in treatment area. All values in ppb.
MW #1 MW #2 MW #3 MW #4 MW #5 MW #6
TCE Pre-treatment 1.0 2.5 1.5 44 1.0 1.0
TCE Post-treatment 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0
CT Pre-treatment 1.0 260 1.0 3.7 0.34 (est.) 4.2
CT Post-treatment 1.0 7.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
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Field Prole
3
CT (ug/L)

1 year prior to
injection
3 months after
injection

6 months after
injection

250
200
150
100
50
10
5

0.78
0.5
0.24
1
1
0
Figure 3: Inuence of EHC treatment on contoured carbon tetrachlor ide data.

Figure 4. Inuence of EHC treatment on OCPs in groundwater.
The Timeline and Cost
The EHC injection was completed in twenty days. Three months f ollowing EHC additions the concentration of
chlorinated solvents decreased by as much as 97%, and as muchs a99.7% after 6 months. The concentrations of all
VOCs were below the site clean up criteria for all sample locations. The EHC product cost was US$0.17/ft3
(US$6/m3).
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Field Prole
EHC™
Project
Former Pesticide Manufacturing
Condential Client
Southeast USA
Summary
A pilot study was conducted to determine the applicability odf eep in situ
DARAMEND® bioremediation* for treatment of soil containing volat ile organic
compounds (VOCs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). A total of 43,590 lbs
of DARAMEND® was injected into four injection points. The i njections were
conducted using hydraulic fracturing. Sampling conducted 7 months after the
injections showed a decrease in Toxaphene and total OCP with over 90%.
Bench-Scale Treatability Study
Adventus conducted bench-scale tests to determine the applicability of deep in situ DARAMEND® bioremediation
for treatment of soil containing VOCs and OCPs. A pilot-scale demonstration project is currently proceeding on
site.*
The bench-scale work evaluated several DARAMEND® treatm ent scenarios, using a number of DARAMEND®
products, and compared straight anoxic conditions to a cycled aerobic/anoxic protocol. The testing was performed
in sealed columns to simulate in situ conditions and prevent conctta with the atmosphere. The most eective
treatment consisted of the addition of DARAMEND® product D2002/6390Fe20, which contains slow-release
organic carbon, nutrients, and micro-scale zero-valent iron. Thistr eatment reduced the total OCPs from 46.9 mg/g
to 1.1 mg/g after 117 days of treatment, representing greatehra tn 97% reduction in total OCPs. During this same
period, the VOCs, primarily xylene and ethylbenzene, were reduced by over 99%.
Pilot Study Field Injection
Given the success of this treatment technology at bench-slcea, a pilot-scale demonstration project was initiated in
October of 2003. The goal of the project was to reduce source zone soilo cncentrations of OCPs and VOCs through
the deep in-situ injection of DARAMEND® into the source area . A series of four applications of 1%
DARAMEND® by weight with respect to the mass of soil in the tre atment area was implemented. The applications
were planned for intervals of between 14 and 21 days.
Soil in the treatment zone was a highly weathered limestone date pths of 31’ to 37’. The injection method consisted
of driving rods to these depths using a Geoprobe rig, followed by hydraicu l fracturing and injection of
DARAMEND®. Four locations were chosen for injection, with two to three depths per location. At each location a
total of approximately 2,800 pounds of DARAMEND® was injected (i.e . 1,400 pounds per injection at locations
with 2 depths and 930 pounds per injection at locations with 3 dehps)t. The DARAMEND® product was delivered
to the site in 25 kg bags for ease of handling and the matearl i was handled with negligible dust creation.
DARAMEND® was placed in a hopper, and mixed in-line with a guar s olution for delivery to the subsurface
treatment area. To enhance groundwater movement through the DARAMNED® fractures, sand was introduced, at
ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 sand to DARAMEND® by mass. The product was su ccessfully injected in each of these
scenarios.
CEP 01311-902 Phone: (55 11) 2246 2759 / Fax: (55 11) 2246 2799

Sampling of the treatment area to determine the aerial and
vertical extend of the DARAMEND® injections was
performed using Geoprobe sampling equipment. The
DARAMEND® layers were easily visible in the cores,
whether the fracture was a hairline fracture near the tiopf the
fracture, or whether it was a few inches in thickness closer to
the injection location (Figure 1).
Figure 1: DARAMEND® layer injected between
clay and weathered limestone.
Results
Soil concentrations of Toxaphene and total OCPs were measuredin June of 2004. Given the fact that OCPs bind
strongly to the soil, the concentrations vary widely from onleo cation to the next. For samples that were taken from
as close to the same location and depth as possible, and for sameps l that showed a decrease in concentration
between November 2003 and June 2004, the results are tabulated in Table 1o. uFr out of twelve samples showed an
increase between these sampling dates, however the median conceantitorns of those increases were 9 μg/g and 12
μg/g for Toxaphene and total OCPs respectively.
These data show that the soil concentrations of Toxaphene and totOalC Ps decreased signicantly between the
dates shown. The decrease in the average concentration of both Toxaphened a tnotal OCPs was 93%.
Table 1. Inuence of in-situ DARAMEND on average Toxaphene an d total OCP concentrations
between November 2003 and June 2004 for selected samples.
Toxaphene (μg/g) Total OCPs (μg/g)
Average Nov 2003 Value 127.7 169.1
Average June 2004 Value 8.7 11.8
Decrease in Average Concentration 93.2% 93.0%
*Prior to establishment of EHC™, this product was r eferred to as Deep In situ DARAMEND®.

Field Prole

Ph. 815/235-3503
Fx: 815/235-3506
21345 Fewster Drive
Ph: 905/273-5374
Fx: 905/273-4367
2
CEP 01311-902 Phone: (55 11) 2246 2759 / Fax: (55 11) 2246 2799

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