1.
Semantic Web fundamentals
- information linking and layering in practice
(or: what RDF might do for Drupal)
Dan Brickley,
danbri@danbri.org
(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

2.
OVERVIEW
- Where I’m coming from
- Layered & linked information
- Web History & Linking Open Data
- What’s out there now: data, apps, ecosystem
- Semantic Web standards - acronym attack:
- RDF/S, OWL, SPARQL, SKOS, RDFa
- POWDER, GRDDL, RDB2RDF...
- What’s in it for Drupal & its users?

3.
RDFa?
• “I don’t know what it is, but Dries likes it”
• a set of attributes for adding typed links
and properties to document markup
• a bit like microformats, but with different
strengths & weaknesses
• a way of putting data into Web pages

4.
Semantic Web & RDF
(De-fragmenting the Web of data?)

5.
danbri@danbri.org
• Accidental standards-nerd
• Making things in the Web since ’94
• Found metadata community & W3C
through trying to make better Web sites
• W3C staff ‘99-’05, edited RDFS, co-chaired
RDFCore work; SKOS, POWDER; FOAF...
• TV stuff at Joost & now VU University
Amsterdam, see www.NoTube.tv

6.
LAYERED
INFORMATION

7.
Calendar Layers

8.
Pixel Layers

9.
Map Layers

10.
http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/demo/exhibit/earthquake.html

11.
Layers of data?
Can we also “layer” the kind of information
we find in ordinary Web pages & databases?
How do we select, compose, compare layers?
How do we figure out when two data sources
are talking about the same thing?
How can we model, create, publish, consume,
and query general-purpose layered data?

12.
What links the layers?
• when we don’t have time & space indexes...

13.
LINKED
INFORMATION
• Good old-fashioned HTML hyperlinks
• Data files that form a Web (Linked Data)
• Two documents mentioning same thing
• Two identifiers referring to the same thing
• Typed links between things (including docs)

14.
WEB HISTORY

15.
Where the Web came from...
Original image credits: Tim Berners-Lee

16.
Aside: RDF Data Model

17.
Image credits: Tim Berners-Lee, Ian Davis

18.
Links!
Layers?

19.
Hmm......

20.
alice.example.com
bob.example.org
school.example.net

21.
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
“The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on
the web. It is about making links, so that a person or
machine can explore the web of data.
With linked data, when you have some of it, you
can find other, related, data.”
“1.
Use URIs as names for things.
2.
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
3.
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards.
4.
Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.”
From linked documents to databases & websites...

22.
Aside: the value of linking

23.
Examples
• GMail - labelling messages or conversations
• W3C POWDER - label pages or collections?
• Google Social Graph API - data linking
• Biz/ed Web site - my first webmaster job

24.
WHAT’S OUT THERE?

25.
RDF DATA - lots
From lifescience data and all the BBC’s TV and music
listings to FOAF profiles, agricultural research, views
of bestbuy.com for machines, and an ever growing
collection of taxonomies and thesauri.
Thesauri and taxonomies?
- formal, logical taxonomies - OWL, Web Ontology Language
- library-style thesauri, looser topical concept hierarchies - SKOS

26.
UN-FAO Geo-political Ontology
hasBorderWith, hasMember, isAdministeredBy,
isInGroup, isPredecessorOf, isSuccessorOf...
An RDFS/OWL taxonomy...

27.
... a SKOS/RDF concept scheme

28.
Library of Congress
Subject Headings (LCSH)
“The Library of Congress Authorities and Vocabularies service enables both humans
and machines to programmatically access authority data at the Library of Congress.
This service is influenced by -- and implements -- the Linked Data movement's
approach of exposing and inter-connecting data on the Web via dereferenceable URIs.”
One XHTML/RDFa page per topic,
eg. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95000541
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/

29.
LCSH topics for Paris

30.
More linked data on Paris...
In HTML at http://www.geonames.org/2988507/paris.html
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml"
title="RDF Version" href="http://sws.geonames.org/2988507/about.rdf" />
In RDF/XML at http://sws.geonames.org/2988507/about.rdf
<rdf:RDF>
<Feature rdf:about="http://sws.geonames.org/2988507/">
<name>Paris</name>
<alternateName xml:lang="ja"> </alternateName>
<featureClass rdf:resource="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#P"/>
<featureCode rdf:resource="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#P.PPLC"/>
<inCountry rdf:resource="http://www.geonames.org/countries/#FR"/>
<population>2138551</population>
<postalCode>75000</postalCode>
<wgs84_pos:lat>48.85341</wgs84_pos:lat>
<wgs84_pos:long>2.3488</wgs84_pos:long
<wikipediaArticle rdf:resource="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"/>
<owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Paris"/>

31.
In http://dbpedia.org/resource/Paris
populationTotal 2167994, cityMotto ..., coatOfArmsLegend ..., skos:subject
World_Heritage_Sites_in_France, ...
birthplace Alexis_de_Tocqueville, Jean_Genet, Guy_Debord, ..., ....
owl:sameAs http://sws.geonames.org/2988507/
owl:sameAs http://www.freebase.com/view/en/paris
In http://rdf.freebase.com/rdf/en.paris
<fb:olympics.olympic_city_bid rdf:about="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/guid.9202a8c04000641f8000000008caf949">
<fb:olympics.olympic_city_bid.olympic_games rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.2008_summer_olympics"/>
<fb:olympics.olympic_city_bid.bidding_city rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.beijing"/>
<fb:olympics.olympic_city_bid.bidding_city>
<fb:location.administrative_division rdf:about="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.paris">
<fb:travel.travel_destination.tourist_attractions rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.ile_de_la_cite"/>
<fb:travel.travel_destination.tourist_attractions rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.eiffel_tower"/>
<fb:travel.travel_destination.tourist_attractions rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.champs-elysees"/>
<fb:travel.travel_destination.tourist_attractions rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.notre_dame_de_paris"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.ronin_1998"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.breathless"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.amelie"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.charade"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.paris_when_it_sizzles"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.les_amants_du_pont_neuf"/>
<fb:film.film_location.featured_in_films rdf:resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.the_dinner_game"/>

32.
BBC Music - Linked Data

33.
Data: In Summary...
More every day.
Increasingly cross-referenced.
All use RDF’s data model and vocabularies.
Some write RDF in RDF/XML, others XHTML/RDFa.
Varying focus, detail, quality, linkage.
Serious Library RDF data in Dublin Core and SKOS.

34.
FOAF visualization by Tim O’Brien
http://www.flickr.com/photos/timobrien/sets/794898/

35.
Data ecosystem?

36.
SEARCH

37.
Yahoo’s BOSS (Build your Own Search Service):
“By combining your unique assets and ideas with
our search technology assets, BOSS is a platform
for the next generation of search innovation, serving
hundreds of millions of users across the Web.”

38.
Google Rich Snippets: RDFa & Microformats

39.
FILES & WORKFLOW
Adobe XMP:
Since 2001, RDF/XML inside TIFF, JPEG, PNG, GIF, PDF, ...
OpenOffice.org & OASIS OpenDocument Format 1.2:
Multi-file archives, with a manifest.rdf and inline RDFa (coming soon...)
OpenOffice.org report 2.5 Million download / week, > 100 million users.

40.
DRUPAL

41.
RDF in Drupal

42.
DC - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative

43.
DC & Education

44.
DC & Museums

45.
DC & Libraries...

46.
SKOS
& the “cold start” taxonomy problem

47.
SKOS in Drupal

48.
“OrganiK extends the Taxonomy XML module by adding SKOS support. Load...
This allows you to import/export taxonomies using SKOS.”
"OrganiK is a partially EU-funded Research project for the benefit of SMEs."
http://www.organik-project.eu/
see also: http://drupal.org/node/560326

49.
Edit...

50.
Update...

51.
Publish...

52.
Drupal Fields API
• Attach arbitrary properties to anything in
Drupal 7
• RDF does the same for the Web at large
• Natural to bridge these two

53.
Drupal & Taxonomies
• Many existing add-ons, patches, applications
• SKOS (a W3C standard since August :) will
bring dozens of thesauri, glossaries etc.
• News sites can be pre-populated with
externally managed categories and topics
• Using standard identifiers for topics aids
aggregators

54.
Drupal & Data APIs
• SPARQL is to RDF as SQL is to RDBMs
• SPARQL scripting looks very familiar to
anyone working with SQL
• Drupal code can call external SPARQL DBs
• SPARQL queries can include “GRAPH”
clauses which specify chosen data layers...

55.
Drupal RDFa
• the “lowest hanging fruit”
• data need no longer be hidden in the db
• SEO (Yahoo searchmonkey, Google
Snippets), cross-linking and improved
search
• A foundation to build on

56.
Acronym Recap
• RDF is a data model for linked/layered data
• “Links” are made with URIs
• “Layers” represent independent data sources

57.
Creating RDF
• Types of thing (classes) and relationship
(property) are defined using RDFS and OWL
• So there is an RDFS or OWL definition for all
the terms defined by Dublin Core, FOAF etc.
• Basically a simple machine-readable dictionary

58.
Sharing RDF
• RDF/XML is the oldest RDF syntax
• RDFa is new, integrates with XHTML
• GRDDL lets you map from other XML or
microformat notations
• You can also map from SQL, JSON, CSV ...

59.
Querying RDF:
SPARQL
• a language for asking questions
• looks a lot like SQL, but simpler and webby
• comes with xml and json Web service API
• Working Group is working on an update

60.
POWDER
• let’s you say “everything on
mp3.myserver.example.com/ is a CC-SA-
licensed MP3 music file”
• Or that “everything under w3.org/People/
is published by W3C”
• Or that everything on images.playboy.com
is an image that might not be child-suitable

61.
SKOS
• Simple Knowledge Organization Systems
• An RDF-based way of encoding thesauri
• Or other things that are thesaurus-like
• Like site hierarchy, IMAP folders, tags
• bringing lots of library data into the Web

62.
Summary
There’s a growing ecosystem around linked RDF data.
Drupal can expect to manage files containing it,
link to sites carrying it, and be populated with
taxonomies expressed in it.