BUILDING THE EVIDENCE BASE OF THE AGRICULTURE / NUTRITION NEXUS: The case of Mali

1. BUILDING THE EVIDENCE BASE OF THE
AGRICULTURE / NUTRITION NEXUS:
The case of Mali
Dr Sokona Dagnoko, CTA Consultant
Novotel, Dakar, September 21-25, 2015
Cross-Learning Workshop and Writeshop

2. OUTLINE
• Presentation of Mali
• Key challenges
• Root causes of the challenges
• Existing instruments and tools to tackle the challenges
• Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus
• Profile of key commodities
• Stakeholders, Institutions, and the institutional framework
• Summary of the findings
• Conclusions and recommendations/Possible entry Points

3. Tombouctou 6
Gao 7
Kidal 8
Mopti 5
Segou 4
Sikasso 3
Koulikoro
2
Kayes 1
INTRODUCTION
Mali- Physical data
 08 Administrative regions
 01 District (The Capital City)
 49 small districts (cercles)
 703 Communes
 Landlocked
 07 bordering countries
 Capital City: Bamako
 Country size: 1.241 million km2
 43.7 Million ha (agriculture & Pastures)

4. Tombouctou
Gao
Kidal
Mopti
Segou
Sikasso
Koulikoro
Kayes
INTRODUCTIONMali- Demographic data
 Pop: 14.5 Million (RGPH, 2009)
 Women: 50.41% (RGPH, 2009)
 Rural Population: 77% (PNISA 2013)
 Population < 15: 46% (PNISA, 2013)
 Growth rate: 2.94% (WB, 2013)
 Rural Growth rate: 1.71% (2015-
2020), WB, Sept 2015
 Urban Growth rate: 4.64% (2015-
2020), WB, Sept 2015
 805,000 rural households
(RGPA2003-2004/CPS, 2006)

5. Opportunities to FNS in Mali- Irrigation Agriculture
 > 800,000 ha
5% improved
 20,000 ha
11.5%
improved
 2311
farmers
(13%
women)
 19,708 ha
23% improved
 2993 farmers
3% women
 1018 ha irrigated
village perimeters
(Bafoulabe)
 922 ha improved
lowland (Kita and
Bafoulabe)
 680 ha controlled
flooding (Bafoulabe)
The Upper Senegal
River Valley
Development
Agency (ADRS)
The irrigated
Perimeter Office of
Baguineda (OPIB)
The Rural
Development
Office of Selingue
(ODRS)
Central Niger
Delta
/Niger Office

6. FNS Opportunities in Mali- Irrigation Agriculture
Village irrigated perimeters (PIV)
 Mopti Region
 > 1,200 ha
 > 3,827 Farmers (4% women)
 > 50 FBOs
 > 38 villages
 Tombouctou Region
 > 6,092 ha
 > 3,863 farmers (8% Women)
 > 40 FBOs
 > 30 villages

7. FNS Opportunities in Mali- Adapted Rice Genetic Materials
 Shwetasoke
 Gambiaka
 Nerica 4
 Nerica 8
 DKA-P27
 BW -148
 Sik 350-150-A
 Adny 11
 Wassa
 Kogoni 91-1
 Nionoka
 BG 90
 Nerica L1 IER
 Nerica L2 IER
Irrigated Rice
varieties
Rain fed lowland
Rain fed upland
Controlled
Flooding

8. FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector
 Cash income
 Nutrient rich and
health promoters
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Antioxidants
 Digestion
 Intestinal health
 04 dimensions FS
 Exotic species
 Hot rainy
season
tomatoes
 Cucumbers
 Etc.
 Indigenous species
 Okra
 Roselle
 Amaranthus
 Corchorus
 Producers (Men)
 Processors
(women)
 Sellers (Women)
 Family and paid
labor
 45 ha (2009/2010)
 > 20 Species
 874,000 MT
03 main
production Belts
Actors in vegetable
value-chains
Adapted and
locally accepted
genetic materials
Dual Purpose
(Strategic to FNS)

9. Tombouctou
Gao
Kidal
Mopti
Segou
Sikasso
Koulikoro
Kayes
1. Segou region (Irrigated
Perimeter of Niono and Rice
Office project)
2. Koulikoro region (OPIB)
/Tomato and OHVN Zones
3. Mopti region
(Bandiagara)/shallot
4 major production zones:
FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector
– Main production zones

10. Tombouctou
Gao
Kidal
Mopti
Segou
Sikasso
Koulikoro
Kayes
4 major production zones:
Secondary production zones
 Kayes region (irrigated perimeter
Senegal river valley)
 Village community gardens / FBOs
scattered in the country and supervised or
not by local or international NGOs
 Sikasso (Potato and sweet Potato
FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector
– Secondary production zones

11. SOME POPULAR PROCESSED VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
Dry whole
pepper
Dry Crushed
Corchorus
Dry okra slices Broken okra Okra powder
Dry whole
Corchorus
Dry Shallot slices
Dry Ground
hot pepper
FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector
– Locally processed vegetables [Photos by S. Dagnoko]

12. FNS Opportunities in Mali- Livestock sub-sector
 Cash income
 Sources of proteins
 Sources of Iron
 Sources of Ca
 Year round
production
 04 dimensions FS
 Cattle (6.8 million), CPS07
 Sheep (7.2 million),
CPS07
 Goat (8.3 million) CPS07
 Pigs (84,600), CPS07
 Poultry (42 million) (FAO,
2013)
 Living animals
 Draught animal
 >340,000 rural
hh.
 Cattle/Donkeys
 Skins and leather
 Meat (56,584MT in
2012)
 Milk (529 million
liter in 2012
 62 Billion CFA F (NFSP)
 > Skins and leather
 Living animals
 Export countries
 Cote d’Ivoire
 Ghana
 Senegal
 Algeria
 Nigeria
 Sierra Leone
 Guinea
 Benin
Export marketLivestock products
Species
available
Dual Purpose
(Strategic to FNS)

13. FNS Opportunities in Mali- Potential of the Seed Sector
• Seed is strategic to FNS
• High performing varieties
• Climate smart varieties
• Quality seeds
• Limiting factor to sovereignty
• Cereal Seeds
• Vegetable seeds
• Forage Seeds
• Public – private Partnership
• Private – private Partnership

14. Commercial certified (R1) Seed
Need versus Supply, Mali 2013-2014
Maize Rice Sorghum Millet Cowpea Groundnut
Area (ha) 600,000 500,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 186,166 402,864
TNCS (t) 15,750 37,400 8,336 9,000 ? ?
PNCS (t) 5,512 14,265 2,501 2,488 ? ?
Supply (t) 470.9 1,282.0 213.3 60.3 14.4 21.2
% Supply _TNCS 2.99 3.43 2.56 0.67 - -
% Supply_PNCS 8.54 8.99 8.53 2.42 - -
% Variance _Practical 91.46 91.01 91.47 97.58 - -
Table source: WASP, 2014
Data source:
Areas: IER/WASP Seed production planning Workshop, Dec 2013
Supply: LABOSEM (National Seed Certification Agency) Statistics, cropping season 2014-2015
Other data: WASP, 2013-2014
TNCS: Theoretical Need for Commercial Seed
PNCS: Practical Need for Commercial Seed (the part of TNCS that is interest to the private sector)

15. Food and Nutrition Insecurity
Food insecurity
Nb. hungry people:
 02 Million (2004 – 2006)
 01 Million (2007-2009)
 01 Million (2012)
Percent hungry people:
 25% (2004 – 2006)
 10% (2007-2009)
 8% (2012)
Data source: World Bank, 2012
 Regional disparities: 166
most vulnerable communes
 Seasonal disparities: Hungry
season versus post-harvest
season or normal versus
abnormal years
Nutrition insecurity
Children < 5 Years
 Wasting (Acute
malnutrition): 12%
 Stunting: (Chronic
malnutrition): 29.3%
 Regional disparities:
Sikasso, Tombouctou,
Mopti and Kayes most
affected
Data source: SMART
(2015)
Nutrition insecurity
Women 15 – 49 Years
 Wasting (Acute malnutrition):
8.4%
 Overweight: 20.2 %
 Normal weight: 71.5%
 Regional disparities
 Koulikoro, Kayes, Mopti and
Gao most affected by wasting
 Tombouctou, Bamako, and
Gao most affected by
overweight.
Data source: SMART (2015)

16. • Unfavorable agro-climatic conditions
 Low amounts of rainfall in most
areas
 Large fluctuations in rainfall
distribution among regions
NATURAL
CAUSES

17. • Unfavorable agro-climatic conditions
 Large fluctuations in annual
rainfall distribution
 Erratic beginning of rainy season
 Erratic ending of rains
 Terminal drought often leading to
zero harvest
 Drought spells at any time during
the rainy season
 Poor soil fertility
NATURAL
CAUSES
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Bengou Samanko Sotuba
Data source: ICRISAT, IER, INRAN
Fluctuation in the amount of rainfall at two
locations of Mali (Samanko and Sotuba)
and at Bengou (Niger) from 1991 to 2006

18. • Incidence of poverty
• 55.6% in 2001 (WB, Sept 2015)
• 47.5% in 2006 (WB, Sept. 2015)
• 43.6% in 2010 (WB, Sept 2015)
• 51% in rural areas
• Contribution of rural pop: 81%
CAUSES
RELATED TO
MONETARY
POVERTY

19. • Low use of improved technologies
• Good agricultural practices
• Quality seed of improved varieties
• Good post-harvest management practices
• Processing and transformation
• Infrastructure and equipment for production,
processing and transformation
• Low use of input fertilizers
• Poor access to markets
• Low credit access
• Fragmented weak capacity of the
private sector
CAUSES
RELATED TO
FOOD
PRODUCTION

20. CaCadreCa
Poverty Reduction
Agricultural
production
Food and Nutrition
Security
Strategic Framework for
Growth and Poverty Reduction

21. FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY
Agriculture policies/programs Nutrition policies/programs
Family farming
Rural entrepreneurship
Youth/women
Intensification/Diversification
Value-chains
Center of specialization
Infrastructure and equipment
Availability Accessibility Utilization
Stability
Processing
Transformation
Competitiveness
Regional market
integration
Credit assistance
Rural insurance
National Seed stock
Food sovereignty
Non-transmissible diseases
Malaria/HIV/AID
Child and infant
Women 15-49
Promotion of traditional
food and nutrition
habits/Culinary habits
Vulnerable regions

22. The institutional Framework
FS Specific
Components
6. National FS Council
5. FS Technical and
Coordinating Committee
4. Food Security
Commission
3. Regional FS Committee
2. District FS committee
1. Community FS Committee
Services /Tools of
the Food Security
Commission
Technical Secretariat of the
Food Security Commission
System d’Alerte Précoce
[SAP]
Office des Produits Agricole
du Mali [OPAM]
Observatoire du Marche
Agricole [OMA]
Sectoral Institutions
National Directorate of Agriculture
ND for Animal Production and Industries
National Directorate of Health N. Division
National Public Health Research Institute
National Agency for Food Safety
Ministry of Education
APCAM
FBOs/Women organizations
Private Sector

23. • Mali has tremendous opportunities for increasing its
agricultural production and productivity, and thereby
FNS outcomes
• Despite these opportunities, FNS remains a concern with
8% of its population suffering from hunger in more than
166 communes
• Acute and chronic malnutrition [AM & CM] are
prevailing especially among children under five [AM
12%, CM 29%]
• Regions of Sikasso, Tombouctou, Kayes, and Mopti are
the most affected by AM and CM

24. • AM and overweight are also prevailing among
women of 15-49.
• Regions of Koulikoro, Kayes, Mopti, and Gao are
the most affected by AM while Bamako,
Tombouctou, and Gao are the most affected by
overweighting
• These conditions are due to natural causes
pertaining to the prevailing climatic conditions
and patterns, poverty, and food production
systems

25. • Key commodities such as rice, millet, sorghum, maize,
cowpea, groundnut, vegetables, and livestock can be
further improved to achieve FNS outcomes.
• The regional market of WA offers more than 300 million
consumers for marketing of the commodities and thereby
generating cash income and reducing poverty
• Policies, Programs, stakeholders, and institutional
framework is in place for addressing FNS issues
• The institutional framework has a more vertical structure
between its components, making it difficult to efficiently
coordinate, implement, monitor and evaluate the FNS
interventions
• Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus is more visible at the level
of accessibility, Utilization, and Stability but less visible at
the level of food availability

26. • Interventions are needed to strengthen the
Agriculture – Nutrition Nexus. Possible entry
points include:
• Commodities that have dual purpose or triple
purpose use (cash income, nutrient rich, and
calorie intake)
• Such commodities include vegetables, both
exotic and indigenous, livestock products, rice,
millet, sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnut,
fonio, and sesame

27. • Indeed quality seed of improved genetic materials
is a key commodity to the success of the
exploitation of the other commodities to improve
Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus and thereby, FNS
outcomes
• Interventions in seed must focus on the:
• availability of improved germplasm
• availability and accessibility to sufficient
quantities of breeder and foundation seeds
• capacity strengthening of both the private and
public sector [human capital, technical
competencies, infrastructures and equipment]

28. • Involvement of women and youth is key to the success
of the interventions and would help align with the
guidelines of the prevailing policies and programs.
• Women being more visible in the production,
processing, and marketing segments, intervention
should be oriented towards those segments especially
for lowland rice, groundnut, cowpea, vegetables, milk,
fonio and sesame
• Interventions with women should be targeted to most
vulnerable zones such as in Sikasso, and Kayes
regions for lowland rice, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, and
Bamako for fonio and sesame, and Sikasso and
Koulikoro regions for maize.

29. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION