In this module, you will journey to the very heart of this course: you will be asked to identify the challenges posed by globalization and consider responses to these challenges as demonstrated by experiences on the ground. For this purpose, students will produce case studies of communities (in the Philippines and other countries) experiencing the impact of globalization and their respective responses to issues that arise. There are global-civic societies engaged in advocacies relating to climate and environmental protection, for example, human trafficking across borders, the application of advances in science and technology to serve some of the world’s poorest communities, and so on. There are, too, communities that have managed, in varying degrees of success, to deal with the effects, good and bad, of globalization.

1. The
Contemporary
World
NGEC 3
JOJEAN MARIE D. PONDANG, LPT
Instructor

2. Module 1
Introduction to
Globalization
NGEC 3 – The Contemporary World

6. Does each picture speak
about the reality in the
Philippines?
Why or why not?

7. GLOBALIZATION

8. What is globalization?

9. Topic 1: Defining
Globalization

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13. Globalization
– Many scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This
resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the
concept. It cannot contained within a specific time frame, all
people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this,
globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves
the economy, political systems, and culture. Social structures,
therefore, are directly affected by globalization.

14. Defining Globalization
– Since its first appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in 1961,
many opinions about globalization have flourished. The literature
on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could
be classified as either (1) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow and
exclusive. The one offered by Ohmae in 1992 stated,
“…globalization means the onset of the borderless world…” (p.14).
This is an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition. If
one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with
overcoming traditional boundaries. However, it does not shed light
on the implications of globalization due to its vagueness.

15. Defining Globalization
– On the other hand, it can be said that some view globalization to be a positive
phenomenon. For instance, Swedish Journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw
globalization as "the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter,
things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on
one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the
other side of the world."

16. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION

17. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
– ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
refers to the widespread international movement of goods, capital, services,
technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and
interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world
through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services,
technologies and capital. Economic globalization primarily comprises the
globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes,
institutions, corporations, and labour.

18. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
– POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
– refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and
complexity. That system includes national governments, their governmental and
intergovernmental organizations as well as government-independent elements
of global civil society such as international non-governmental organizations and
social movement organizations. One of the key aspects of the political
globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and the rise of
other actors on the political scene. The creation and existence of the United
Nations has been called one of the classic examples of political globalization.

19. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
– CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
– refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to
extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of
cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international
travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a
longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures
enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional
borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a
material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge
with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings
increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.

20. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
– GLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY
– Technological developments are conceived as the main facilitator and driving
force of most of the globalization processes. Before elaborating on the
consequences of several technological developments, we must go through the
definition of technology as a sociological term, so that we can further explore
the social and political role of technology in the globalization process.

21. THE DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
– GLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY
– Technology can be defined as the socialized knowledge of producing goods and
services. We can describe the term technology with five important elements:
production, knowledge, instruments, possession and change. Our definition of
technology as a socialized knowledge can be better conceived with these
elements.

22. Can you give more supporting
ideas about these dimensions
of Globalization?

23. Assessment will be linked
to our google classroom.

24. RESOURCES:
Aldama, P. (2018). The contemporary world. 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Street Recto Avenue Manila
Philippines:Rex Bookstore.
Claudio, L. & Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City:
C&E Publishing.
Globalization. (2019). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization
San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys through our contemporary world. 1253 G. Araneta Avenue cor. Ma.
Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City: Vibal Group.
Image Links (Quipper):
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• ![image][5d3e67ed30c5ac11e600173e]
• ![image][5d3e751130c5ac11e6002157]

25. Topic 2: Metaphors of
Globalizations

26. Metaphors of Globalizations
Metaphors make use of one term to help us better
understand another term. In our case, the states if matter –
solid and liquid –will be used. In addition, other related
concepts that are included in the definition such as
structure and flow will be elaborated.

27. SOLID
– The epochs that preceded today‘s globalization paved way for people, things,
information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited
mobility (Ritzer 2015). The social relationships and objects remained where
they were created. Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult
the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-
made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water.

28. LIQUID
– Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids
are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease if movement of
people, things information, and places in the contemporary world.
– Zygmunt Bauman‘s (2000) ideas were the ones that have very much to say
about the characteristics of liquidity. First, today ‘s liquid phenomena change
quickly and its aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation.
– In global finance, for instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of
seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is
difficult to stop.

29. LIQUID
– For example, the videos being uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are hard to
halt once they become viral. The so-called internet sensations become famous
not just in their homeland but to the entire world as well. Finally, the forces (the
liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people
and things (Cartier 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015) regarded as the
most important characteristics of liquid: it ―tends to melt whatever stands in
its path (especially solids). The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of
the nation state.

30. SOLID AND LIQUID
– Liquidity and solidity is constant interaction. Liquidity is the one
increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor which
could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids to flow and
this idea of flow (Appadurai 1996; Rey and Ritzer 2010) will be the
focus of the next discussion. Also, it should be expected that this
concept will appear in the succeeding lessons. The literature on
globalization makes use of the concept of flows.

31. FLOWS
– . Flows are the movement of people, things, places and information brought by
the growing ―porosity of global limitations (Ritzar 2015).
– Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the
Filipinos. Aside from local dishes, many of us are found eating sushi, ramen
hamburger, and French Fries –foods introduced to us by foreign culture.
– Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another example of flows are global
financial crises. As landler (2008:C1) put it: ―In global financial system, national
borders are porous. This means that a financial crisis in a given country can
bring ramifications to other regions of the world.

32. What do you think is the
importance of defining
globalization?

33. Do you agree with the idea
that the contemporary world
is characterized by highly
liquidity?
Why or why not?

34. Assessment will be linked
to our google classroom.

35. REFERENCES
Claudio, L. & Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world 839 EDSA, South Triangle,
Quezon City:
C&E Publishing.
San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys through our contemporary world. 1253 G. Araneta
Avenue cor. Ma.
Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City: Vibal Group.

36. Topic 3 & 4:
Globalization Theories

37. Globalization Theories
– This section gives a glimpse of the important theories on
globalization. We will analyze globalization culturally,
economically and politically in the book as reflected in
the succeeding chapters. In the meantime, it would be
helpful to say that the theories see globalization as a
process that increases either homogeneity or
heterogeneity.

38. Homogeneity
– Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of
societies expand to create common practices, some economies,
and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often
linked to cultural imperialism.

39. Heterogeneity.
– . This pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies
in the world.
– Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of their lasting differences of
the hybrids or combinations of cultures which can be produced through the
different transplanetary processes.
– Contrary to the cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with
cultural hybridization. A more specific concept is ―glocalization coined by
Roland Robertson (1992). To him, as global forces interact with local factors or a
specific geographic area, the ―glocal is being produced.

40. ORIGINS AND
HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION

41. Where did it start?

42. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
– HARDWIRED. According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is our basic human need to
make our lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace
the beginning of globalization from our Ancestors in Africa who walked out from
the said continents in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all-
known continents today, roughly after 50,000 years. Chanda mentioned that
commerce, region, politics, and warfare are the ―urges‖ of people toward a
better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and
they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures,
and concepts.

43. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
– CYCLES. For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and
thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task. What is important,
are the cycles globalization has gone through (Scholte 2005).
Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that
other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to
suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and
reappear.

44. EPOCH
– Ritzer (2005) Cited Therborn‘s (2000) six great epochs of
globalization.
– These are also called ―waves and each has its own origin. Today ‘s
globalization is not unique if this is the case. The difference of this
view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs
as returning. The following are the sequential occurrence of the
epochs:

45. EPOCH
1. Globalization of religion (4th-7th Centuries)
2. European colonial conquest (late 15th century)
3. Intra-European wars (late 18th – early 19th centuries)
4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918)
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post- Cold War period

46. EVENTS
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the
origin of globalization. If this case, then several points can be treated as the start of
globalization.
Gibbon (1998), for example, argued that Roman conquest centuries before Christ
are its origin. In an issue of the magazine the Economist (2006, January 12), it
considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the
thirteen century.
Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery Christopher Columbus ‘s
discovery of America in 1942, Vasco Da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and
Ferdinand Magellan ‘s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

47. EVENTS
– The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of
globalization with reference to specific technological advances in
transportation and communication. Some examples, include the
first transatlantic telephone cable (1962), the founding of the
modern interest in 1988, and the terrorist attacks on the Twin
Towers in New York (2001). Certainly, with this view, more and
more specific events will characterize not just the origins of
globalization but more of its history.

48. PROCESS QUESTIONS:

49. What are the similarities and
differences of homogeneity
and heterogeneity?

50. Are there advantages and
disadvantages of homogeneity
and heterogeneity?
What are those?

51. REFERENCES
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society, London: Sage.
Castells, M. (2001) 'Informationtechnology and global capitalism' in W. Hutton and A. Giddens. (eds.) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage.
Frank, T. (2002) One Market Under God. Extreme capitalism,market populism, and the end of economic democracy, London: Vintage.
Fox, J. (2001) Chomsky and Globalization, London: Icon Books.
Gray, J. (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta.
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations- politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hutton, W. and Giddens, A. (eds.) (2001) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage.
Klein, N. (2000) No Logo, London: Flamingo.
Leys, C. (2001) Market-DrivenPolitics. Neoliberaldemocracy and the public interest, London: Verso Books.
Monbiot, G. (2000) Captive State. The corporate takeover of Britain, London: Pan.
Scholte, J. A. (2000) Globalization. A critical introduction, London: Palgrave.
Sen, A. (2002) 'How to judge globalization', The American Prospect Online, [13]. Wolf, A. (2002) Does Education Matter. Myths about education and economic growth,
London: Penguin.

52. Recent Changes
– Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the
last half of the twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three notable
changes as the origin of globalization that we know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (Post-World War II)
2. The emergence of the multinational corporations (MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

53. Recent Changes
– Through its dominant military and economic power after
WWII, the US was able to outrun Germany and Japan in
terms of industry. Both Axis powers and Allies falls
behind economically as compared to the new global
power. Because of this, the US soon began to progress in
different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film (as in the
Hollywood), and many more.

54. Recent Changes
– Before MNCs came into being, their roots are from their countries
of origin during the eighteen to early nineteenth centuries. The
US, Germany, and Great Britain had their homeland great
corporations which the world knows today. However, they did not
remain there as far as their production and market are concerned.
For example, Ford and General Motors originated in the US but in
the twentieth century they exported more automobiles and
opened factories to other countries.

55. Recent Changes
– More recent than the first two would be the fall of the Soviest Union in 1991.
This event led to the opening of the major parts of the world for the first time
since the early twentieth century. Many global processes-immigrations,
tourism, media, diplomacy and MNCs-spread throughout the planet. This paved
way for the so-called ―free‖ world. China, even though the government
remains communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in global
government remains communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in
global capitalism (Fishman 2006). Moreover, China is also globalizing terms of
other aspects such as their Hosting of the Olympics in 2008.

56. PROCESS QUESTION:

57. Which of the aforementioned views on
the history of globalization you find
most appealing? Why?

58. REFERENCES
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society, London: Sage.
Castells, M. (2001) 'Information technology and global capitalism' in W. Hutton and A.
Giddens. (eds.) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage.
Frank, T. (2002) One Market Under God. Extreme capitalism, market populism, and the
end of economic democracy, London: Vintage.
Fox, J. (2001) Chomsky and Globalization, London: Icon Books.
Gray, J. (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta.
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations -
politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.

59. Congratulations!
You did it!
Tap your shoulder or give yourself a treat
for a job well done.