1. Grammar
Book
Carmen Shockey

2. Table of Contents
1. Subjunctive with Adjective Clause
2. Tu Commands
3. Nosotros Commands
4. Past Participles Used as Adjectives
5. Present Perfect
6. Past Perfect
7. Future Tense
8. Conditional Tense
9. Past Subjunctive

3. Subjunctive with Adjective
Clauses Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. The subjunctive
can be used in adjective clauses to indicate that the
existence of someone or something is uncertain or indefinite.
 The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a
person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or
whose existence is uncertain or indefinite.
 The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a
person, place, thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or
definite.
Indicative Subjunctive
Necesito el libro que tiene
informacion sobre
Venezuela.
I need the book that has
information about
Venezuela,
Necesito un libro que
tenga informacion sobre
Venezuela.
I need a book that has
information about
Venezuela.
Adjective Clauses

4. Tu Command
 Use familiar(tu) commands when you want to give
an order or sdvice to someone you normally
address with tu.
 Affirmative tu commands usually have the same
form as the usted/el/ella of the present indicative.
The pronoun tu is used only for emphasis.
 Negative tu commands have the same form as
the tu form of the present subjunctive.
Infinitive Present
Indicative
Affirmative tu
command
Cuidar Cuida Cuida (tu)
Tocar Toca Toca(tu)
Temer Teme Teme(tu)
Infinitve Present
Subjunctive
Negative tu
command
Cuidar Que tu
cuides
No
cuides(tu)
Affirmative tu Commands Negative tu Commands

5. Nosotros Commands
 Nosotros/as commands, which correspond to the english let’s +
[verb], are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself
and other people.
 Ex: Crucemos la calle.
Let’s cross the street
 Both affirmative and negative nosotros/as commands are
generally formed by using the first-person plural form of the present
subjunctive.
 Object pronouns are attached to affirmative nosotros/as
commands.
 * when nos or se is attached to an affirmative nosotros/as
command, the final –s of the command verb is dropped.
 To express let’s go, the present indicative form of ir (vamos) is
used, not the subjunctive. For the negative
command, however, the subjunctive is used.
Vamos a la pescaderia.
Let’s go to the fish market.
Vamos a tomar un café.
Let’s go have a coffee.
No vayamos a la pescaderia.
Let’s not go to the fish market.
No vayamos a tomar un café.
Let’s not go have a coffee.
Affirmative Negative

6. Past Participles Used As
Adjectives Regular –ar verbs form the past participle with –ado.
 Regular –er and –ir verbs form the past participle with –ido.
 They are often used with the
verb estar to describe a
condition or state that results
from an action.
 Past participle must agree in
gender and number with the
nouns they modify.
Ex:
 El gimnasio esta cerrado.
The gym is closed.
Past Participle
Bailado Comido
Stem
Bail- Com-
Infinitive
Bailar Comer
Irregulars- Note that all irregular past participles, except for those
of decir (dicho) and hacer (hecho), end in –to.
*The past participles of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in –a, -
e, or –o carry a written accent mark on the I of the –ido ending.

7. Present Perfect
 The present perfect is used to talk about what someone
has done. It is formed with the present tense of haber and a
past participle.
 Ex:
Hemos presentado el proyecto.
We have presented the project.
 The word no and any other
object or reflexive pronouns are
placed immediately before haber
 * Haber and the past participle
cannot be seperated by any word.
Singular
Forms
Yo He
Tu Has
Ud/el/ella ha
Plural Forms
Nosotros/as Hemos
Vosotros/as Habeis
Uds/ellos/ellas han

8. Past Perfect
 The past prefect is used to talk about what
someone had done or what had occurred
before another past action, event, or state.
 The past perfect uses the imperfect of haber
plus the past participle.
 The past perfect
is often used with
the word ya.
 Ya cannot be
placed between
haber and the
Past participle.
cerrar Perder asistir
Yo Había
cerrado
Había
perdido
Había asistido
Tu Habías
cerrado
Habías
perdido
Habías
asistido
Ud/el/ella Había
cerrado
Había
perdido
Había asistido
Nosotros/as Habíamos
cerrado
Habíamos
perdido
Habíamos
asistido
Vosotros/as Habíais
cerrado
Habíais
perdido
Habíais
asistido
Uds/ellos/ellas Habían
cerrado
Habían
perdido
Habían
asistido

9. Future Tense
Future Tense of Irregular:

10. Conditional Tense
 The conditional tense in Spanish expresses what you
would do or what would happen under certain
circumstances.
 The conditional endings are the same for all verbs and
all forms carry a written accent. For regular verbs, add
the endings to the infinitive.
 For irregulars verbs, add the ending to the irregular stem.
 The conditional is commonly used to make polite
requests.
Visitar Comer
Yo Visitaría Comería
Tu Visitarías Comerías
Ud/el/ella Visitaría Comería
Nosotros/as Visitaríamos Comeríamos
Vosotros/as Visitaríais Comeríais
Uds/ellos/ellas Visitarían Comerían
Conditional Tense

11. Past Subjunctives
 The past subjunctive is used mainly in multiple-clause
sentences that express
will, influence, emotion, commands, indefiniteness, and non-
existence.
 The past subjunctive endings are the same for all verbs.
Also, note that the nosotros/as form always has a written
accent.
 For all verbs, the past subjunctive is formed with the
uds/ellos/ellas form of the preterite. By dropping the –ron
ending, you establish the stem for all the past subjunctive
forms. You then add the past subjunctive endings.
Estudiar Aprender
Yo Estudiara Aprendiera
Tu Estudiaras Aprendieras
Ud/el/ella Estudiara Apriendiera
Nosotros/as Estudiaramos Apreieramos
Vosotros Estudiarais Aprendierais
Uds/ellos/ellas Estudiaran aprendieran