1. Vowel & Consonant
Vowel
A,E,I,O,U
Consonant
Everything else (M,P,N,L)

2. Symbols & Punctuation
,= Comma
? = Question Mark
‘ = Apostrophe
. = Full Stop
“ ”= Quotation Mark
! = Exclamation Mark
- = Hyphen
/ = Forward Slash
= Backward Slash
( ) = Bracket or Parentheses

3. Nouns
Name, people, places, things, or ideas.
What is a noun? Choose the noun from the following two
pictures.
If you answered, "The one on the left", you would be correct.
Why? Well, what is a noun? It is first and foremost a word.
Notice that while the photo of the duck is the cuter of the
two, it is not naming a duck - it is a duck.

4. Types of Nouns
Common Nouns:
A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing.
Car, man, bridges etc
Proper Nouns:
A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing (i.e. its own name). A proper noun always
starts with a capital letter.
Michael
Africa

5. Types of Nouns
Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun.
James is the first choice for the post. He has applied for it twice
already.
("He" is a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the proper noun
"James".)
Collective Noun:
A collective noun is the word used for a group of people or things.
Examples: Choir, Team

6. Verb
A verb is a word that describes the action in the sentence
I play football
I like chocolate
Types of Verbs
Normal Verbs:
to run, to walk, to eat
Abstract Verbs
to be, to want
Possession Verbs
to possess, to own, to belong

7. Regular & Irregular verb

8. Ad verb
An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and
answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".

9. Modal auxiliary verbs
The verbs can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and shall are verbs which 'help'
other verbs to express a meaning:
it is important to realise that these "modal verbs" have no meaning by themselves.
Example
You should not do that
Auxiliary = to help / support
Modal auxiliary
verbs

10. Past Simple
VERB + ed
You called Debbie.

11. Past Continuous
was/were + present participle
You were studying when she called.

12. Used to
Old habit that stopped in the past
used to + VERB
I used to go to the beach every day.

13. Present Simple
When we want to talk about fixed habits or routines
I teach English
Verb

14. Present Continuous
Present Continuous (Arrangements)
Example: I am meeting a friend at 8 tonight
Verb + INGBe

15. Future simple - Will
Future Simple (Prediction)
Example: I think it will rain today
Will Verb

16. Future simple – Going To
Going To (Present intentions about the future)
Example: I am going to move to London
Be Going
To
Verb

17. Future Continuous - Will
will be + present participle
Example
You will be waiting for her when her plane
arrives tonight

18. Future Continuous – Going To
am/is/are + going to be + present participle
You are going to be waiting for her when her
plane arrives tonight

19. Adjective
Adjectives are describing words
(good, beautiful, or blue)
• Adjectives are words used to describe nouns
• Adjectives give more information about a noun
Examples
The butterfly is pretty
The small boat

20. Comparative adjective
Comparing two things together
• The black dog is older than the white dog.
• My house is bigger than my sister's house.
ER is usually added to the end
OR
Use ‘MORE’ or ‘LESS’
Or
R if the word ends with e

21. Superlative adjective
A superlative adjective compares three or more nouns
3 or more
Example
He is the oldest one in our family (more then 2 members)
I am in the smallest class in the school

22. Participle
A verbal that functions as an adjective
Past Participle
A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is
formed by adding d or ed
I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt')
Present Participle
A verb form--made by adding -ing to the base form--that functions as an adjective. Present participles
are the only verb forms that are completely regular.

23. Participles

24. Homonyms
Two words having the same
pronunciation but different spelling
e.g., to, too, and two
Threw & Through

25. Infinitive
The basic form of a verb
The ORIGIN of the word
Example
Have
Having Have got
Haven’t

26. Indefinite and definite article
A, An & The
A (Indefinite)
She has a dog (have a consonant)
An (Indefinite)
Can I have an apple? (have a vowel after A,E,I,O,U)
The (Definite)
a specific object that both the person speaking and
the listener know
The car over there is fast.

27. Indefinite and definite article
When using both articles make sure you first use
1. Indefinite
Then
2. Definite
Example
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
Indefinite Definite

28. Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that "joins"
A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence
Example
I would love to go, BUT I have to watch my cat
I can’t come BECAUSE I have to go pick my son up

29. Prepositions
Links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other
words in a sentence. The word or phrase that
the preposition introduces is called the object
of the preposition
The book is on the table.
Object
Preposition