brief presentation on endocrine system fuctions ect

1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE “HEART” OF HEALTH

2. DEFINITIONS
• THE GLANDS AND PARTS OF GLANDS THAT PRODUCE ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS,
HELP TO INTEGRATE AND CONTROL BODILY METABOLIC ACTIVITY, AND INCLUDE
ESPECIALLY THE PITUITARY, THYROID, PARATHYROIDS, ADRENALS, ISLETS OF
LANGERHANS, OVARIES, AND TESTES.
HTTP://WWW.MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM/
• (1) THE BODILY SYSTEM THAT CONSISTS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS THAT
RELEASE THEIR SECRETIONS (HORMONES) INTO THE BLOODSTREAM TO REACH AND
ACT ON TARGET CELLS OF SPECIFIC ORGANS.
• (2) THE ANIMAL SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF
HORMONES THAT AID IN CONTROLLING THE BODILY METABOLIC ACTIVITY, AS
WELL AS SERVE AS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT ALLOW CELLS TO COMMUNICATE
WITH ONE ANOTHER.
HTTP://WWW.BIOLOGY-ONLINE.ORG/DICTIONARY

3. FUNCTIONS
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS BY RELEASING CHEMICALS
CALLED HORMONES, AND IT CONTROLS PROLONGED OR CONTINUOUS PROCESSES
SUCH AS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION AND METABOLISM.

4. HORMONES
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS CREATED BY
ENDOCRINE CELLS THAT ARE SECRETED
INTO BODY FLUIDS THAT TRIGGER SPECIFIC
CHANGES IN OTHER CELLS IN THE BODY.
MESSENGERS ENTER THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM AND TRAVEL TO EVERY PART OF
THE BODY BUT ONLY AFFECT TARGET CELLS
OR ORGANS

5. HOW DO HORMONES WORK?
AS HORMONES TRAVEL NEARLY EVERYWHERE THROUGH
THE BODY ONLY SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS HAVE THE
APPROPRIATE PROTEIN RECEPTORS THAT THE
HORMONE CAN ATTACH TO. WITHOUT THE SPECIFIC
RECEPTOR PRESENT THE HORMONE HAS NO EFFECT ON
THE CELL. THINK OF IT LIKE A LOCK AND KEY; EACH
CELL HAS RECEPTORS(LOCKS) THAT CAN ONLY BE
ACTED UPON WITH THE RIGHT HORMONE (KEY).

6. TYPICAL HORMONAL INFLUENCES
1. CHANGES IN PLASMA MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY OR ELECTRICAL STATE
2. SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS OR REGULATORY MOLECULES IN A CELL
3. ACTIVATE OR INACTIVATE AN ENZYME IN A CELL
4. STIMULATION OF MITOSIS
5. PROMOTE SECRETORY ACTIVITY

7. THE HORMONE EFFICIENCY (TRAVELING
THROUGH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO
DESIRED RECIPIENTS) AND CONCENTRATION
IN BLOOD VARIES DEPENDING ON THE RATE
RELEASED, EFFICIENCY OF FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS, AND CLEARANCE AVAILABLE.
(BAUER,2005)

8. TWO MECHANISMS OF CHANGE IN CELLS
DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
OR
SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEM

9. SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEM
SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEM CANNOT
ENTER TARGET CELLS SO INSTEAD IT
BINDS TO EXTERIOR MEMBRANE. THIS
TRIGGERS EVENTS INSIDE THE CELL
RELEASING AN ENZYME WHICH HAS THE
DESIRED EFFECT ON THE SPECIFIC CELL..
ONE HORMONE CAN HAVE MULTIPLE
SECOND MESSENGERS.

10. DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
STEROID HORMONES AND
THYROID HORMONES ARE THE
ONLY HORMONES THAT USE
DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION.
HORMONES ENTER NUCLEUS, BIND
TO CELL HORMONE RECEPTOR AND
DNA, CREATES RNA,, THEN IS
SYNTHESIZED INTO NEW PROTEINS.

11. MAJOR ORGANS OF ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
• PINEAL GLAND
• HYPOTHALAMUS-
• PITUITARY GLAND
• THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID
GLANDS
• ADRENAL GLANDS
• PANCREAS
• OVARIES IN
FEMALES
• TESTES IN MALES

12. HYPOTHALAMUS
• MOST IMPORTANT ENDOCRINE
GLAND, OFTEN CALLED THE
“MASTER GLAND”
• CONTROLS HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY
GLAND) WHICH GIVES IT CONTROL
OF MOST GLANDS IN THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• CONTROLS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM WHICH IS THE PART THAT
CONTROLS HOMEOSTASIS

13. PITUITARY GLAND• LOCATED IN BRAIN
• MASTER CONTROL GLAND
• HORMONES ARE CONTROLLED BY HYPOTHALAMUS BY
RELEASING OR INHIBITING HORMONES
• CREATES OXYTOCIN WHICH STIMULATES MUSCLE CHANGES IN
CHILDBIRTH IN FEMALES, DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, AND
FOR BREAST FEEDING
• CREATES ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE WHICH INHIBITS URINE
PRODUCTION. KIDNEYS ABSORB MORE WATER DECREASING
URINE VOLUME BUT INCREASING BLOOD VOLUME. CAN ALSO
INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE BY RESTRICTING ARTERIES.
• CREATES TROPIC HORMONES THAT TRIGGER OTHER
ENDOCRINE ORGANS TO SECRETE THEIR HORMONES
AFFECTING VARIOUS ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS.
• CREATES GROWTH HORMONES WHICH AFFECT SKELETAL
MUSCLES AND BONE GROWTH, ALSO BREAKS DOWN FATS FOR
ENERGY AND SPARING GLUCOSE MAINTAINING BALANCED
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS.

14. DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
• DIABETES INSIPIDUS IS CAUSED BY HYPERSECRETION OF ADH CAUSING EXTREME
THIRST
• PITUITARY DWARFISM IS CAUSED BY HYPOSECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONES
DURING CHILDHOOD LEADING TO A PROPORTIONATE YET MINIATURE ADULT.
• GIGANTISM IS CAUSED BY HYPERSECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONES AFTER
YOUTH LEADING TO OVERSIZED HUMANS UP TO TEN FT TALL.

15. THYROID GLAND
• LOCATED IN BASE OF THROAT
• CREATES THROID HORMONE WHICH IS THE BODYS
MAIN METABOLIC HORMONE
• CREATES CALCITONIN WHICH REDUCES CALCIUM
SUPPLY IN BLOOD TO BE DEPOSITED IN BONES.

16. DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND
• GOITERS ARE AND ENLARGED THYROID GLAND CAUSED BY LACK OF IODINE
• GRAVES DISEASE IS CAUSED BY HYPERTHYROIDISM WHICH GENERALLY RESULTS
FROM A TUMOR OF THE THYROID GLAND

17. PARATHYROID GLANDS
• FOUND IN POSTERIOR OF
THYROID GLAND USUALLY
CONSISTING OF FOUR
PARATHYROIDS
• CREATES PARATHYROID
HORMONE WHICH IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF
CALCIUM IONS IN BLOOD.

18. DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
• TETANY IS UNCONTROLLABLE MUSCLE SPASMS CAUSED BY BLOOD CALCIUM
LEVELS BEING TO LOW. THIS CAUSES NEURONS TO BECOME IRRITABLE AND
OVERACTIVE.
• SEVERE PARATHYROIDISM CAN CAUSE CAUSE WEAK AND FRAGILE BONES

19. ADRENAL GLANDS
• BEAN SHAPED AND FOUND AT THE TOP OF
THE KIDNEYS
• STRUCTURAKKY AND FUNCTIONALLY TWO
ORGANS,
• ADRENAL CORTEX PRODUCES 3 MAJOR
STEROID HORMONES: CORTICOL STEROIDS,
MINERALOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS,
AND SEX HORMONES
• ADRENAL MEDULLA CREATES NOREPINEPRIN,
EPINEPHRINE, AND ADRENALIN

20. DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
• ADDISONS DISEASE
• HYPERALDOSTERONISM
• CUSHINGS SYNDROME
• MASCULINIZATION

21. PANCREATIC ISLETS
• LOCATED ON PANCREAS
• MILLIONS OF ISLES LOCATED IN SMALL
CLUMPS SEPARATED BY EXOCRINE SYSTEM
CELLS. EACH CLUSTER ACTS AS AN ORGAN
WITHIN AN ORGAN
• TWO MAIN HORMONES ARE INSULIN AND
GLUCAGON

22. DISORDERS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLES
• DIABETES MELLITUS IS CAUSED BY LACK OF INSULIN WHICH LEADS TO HIGH
GLUCOSE LEVELS WHICH FLOOD THE BODY
• CAUSES EXCESSIVE URINATION AS BODY TRIES TO FLUSH GLUCOSE
• CAUSES EXCESSIVE THIRST FROM WATER LOSS
• HUNGER DUE TO LACK OF BEING ABLE TO USE SUGARS AND THE LOSS OF FAT

23. PINEAL GLAND
• SMALL CONE SHAPED GLAND IN THE BRAIN
• MOST MYSTERIOUS ENDOCRINE GLAND
• ONLY KNOWN HORMONE SECRETED IN ANY
MEASURABLE AMOUNT IS MELATONIN WHICH
IS A SLEEP TRIGGER AND RESPONSIBLE FOR
ESTABLISHING BODYS DAY-NIGHT CYCLE.
• IN SOME ANIMALS MELATONINE REGULATES
MATING BEHAVIOR AND RHYTHMS

24. • LOCATED POSTERIOR TO STERNUM
IN UPPER THORAX
• IS LARGE IN CHILDREN AND GETS
SMALLER WITH AGE
• PRODUCES THYMOSIN WHICH IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING
WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND IMMUNE
RESPONSE

25. GONADS
• OVARIES IN FEMALES AND TESTES IN
MALES.
• OVARIES PRODUCE 2 STEROID
HORMONES: ESTROGENS AND
PROGESTERONE
• TESTES PRODUCE ANDROGENS, THE
MOST IMPORTANT IS TESTOSTERONE